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Securities lending
Transactions in which the owner of a security agrees to lend it under the terms of a prearranged contract to a borrower for a fee. The borrower must fully collateralize the security loan at all times. An intermediary such as a bank often acts as agent for the owner of the security. There are two types of securities lending arrangements, lending with and without credit or market risk indemnification. In securities lending without indemnification, the bank bears no risk of loss. For transactions in which the bank provides an indemnification, risk of loss occurs if the borrower defaults and the value of the collateral declines concurrently.
Securities sold short
A transaction in which the seller sells securities and then borrows the securities in order to deliver them to the purchaser upon settlement. At a later date, the seller buys identical securities in the market to replace the borrowed securities.
Securitization
The process by which high-quality financial assets are packaged into newly issued securities backed by these assets.
Special purpose entities (SPEs)
SPEs are entities that are typically organized for a single discrete purpose, have a limited life and serve to legally isolate the financial assets held by the SPE from the selling organization. SPEs are principally used to securitize financial and other assets in order to obtain access to funding, to mitigate credit risk and to manage capital.
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