{"id":12393,"date":"2026-01-21T15:48:25","date_gmt":"2026-01-21T15:48:25","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/fr\/?post_type=rbc_tl&p=12393\/heavy-oil-market-heats-up"},"modified":"2026-01-21T15:48:27","modified_gmt":"2026-01-21T15:48:27","slug":"le-marche-du-petrole-lourd-se-rechauffe","status":"publish","type":"rbc_tl","link":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/fr\/leadership-avise\/la-zone-commerciale\/le-marche-du-petrole-lourd-se-rechauffe\/","title":{"rendered":"Le march\u00e9 du p\u00e9trole lourd se r\u00e9chauffe"},"content":{"rendered":"\n
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Six graphiques d\u2019analyse des relations p\u00e9troli\u00e8res Canada\u2013\u00c9tats-Unis, en contexte de nouveaux d\u00e9veloppements g\u00e9opolitiques sur les march\u00e9s p\u00e9troliers<\/h2>\n\n\n\n

Les \u00c9tats-Unis adorent le p\u00e9trole lourd. Le m\u00e9lange est essentiel pour le di\u00e9sel, le carbur\u00e9acteur et les produits p\u00e9trochimiques, et le Canada est, de loin son plus important fournisseur \u00e9tranger<\/strong>. Toutefois, un plan am\u00e9ricain pour influer sur le p\u00e9trole v\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9lien et le relancer a fait craindre que le Canada \u2013 dont plusieurs industries nationales sont d\u00e9j\u00e0 sous pression am\u00e9ricaine \u2013 ne commence \u00e0 perdre des parts de march\u00e9 au profit du brut lourd v\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9lien d\u2019ici quelques ann\u00e9es. Il pourrait s\u2019agir d\u2019une pression exerc\u00e9e par Washington <\/strong>sur la ressource la plus pris\u00e9e au Canada.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n

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Le p\u00e9trole canadien a supplant\u00e9 ses rivaux, notamment le V\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9la et l\u2019OPEP, sur le march\u00e9 am\u00e9ricain au cours des trois derni\u00e8res d\u00e9cennies<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"Le<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Les tendances des importations de brut aux \u00c9tats-Unis illustrent un net \u00e9cart structurel entre le Canada et le V\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9la. Il en r\u00e9sulte une r\u00e9orientation fondamentale <\/strong>de la d\u00e9pendance des \u00c9tats-Unis \u00e0 l\u2019\u00e9gard des approvisionnements du Canada, ce qui est le fruit de la fiabilit\u00e9, des infrastructures et des d\u00e9penses en capital \u00e0 long terme.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n

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Toutefois, le p\u00e9trole canadien ne se limite pas \u00e0 la r\u00e9gion du Golfe (PADD 3). Il s\u2019agit aussi d\u2019un acteur strat\u00e9gique et essentiel du complexe de raffineries du Midwest am\u00e9ricain (PADD 2)<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"Toutefois,<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le brut v\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9lien dominait autrefois les volumes d\u2019importation de la c\u00f4te du Golfe, mais son effondrement a cr\u00e9\u00e9 un march\u00e9 qui n\u2019a \u00e9t\u00e9 combl\u00e9 que partiellement par les barils canadiens. La c\u00f4te du Golfe est consid\u00e9r\u00e9e comme un front majeur, mais seulement 10 % du total des importations du Canada sont dirig\u00e9es vers la r\u00e9gion connue sous le nom de PADD 3. La plus grande croissance du brut canadien a eu lieu dans la r\u00e9gion des raffineries du Midwest<\/strong> (connue sous le nom de PADD 2) qui repr\u00e9sente 69 % de la croissance totale des exportations canadiennes vers les \u00c9tats-Unis au cours des trente derni\u00e8res ann\u00e9es.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n

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Les raffineries am\u00e9ricaines sont con\u00e7ues pour les sables bitumineux et autres p\u00e9troles lourds : la cod\u00e9pendance avec le Canada sera difficile \u00e0 rompre<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"es<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La croissance de la capacit\u00e9 de raffinage aux \u00c9tats-Unis a \u00e9t\u00e9 concentr\u00e9e dans les PADD 3 et 2, renfor\u00e7ant ainsi l\u2019orientation du syst\u00e8me vers des unit\u00e9s de raffinage complexes et de grande envergure. La domination de la c\u00f4te du Golfe est le fruit de d\u00e9cennies d\u2019investissements <\/strong>destin\u00e9s \u00e0 traiter des bruts disponibles plus lourds et plus diversifi\u00e9s, ce qui en fait \u00e0 la fois un centre de raffinage national et une plaque tournante de l\u2019approvisionnement \u00e0 l’\u00e9chelle mondiale.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n

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Les \u00c9tats-Unis et le Canada sont pr\u00eats \u00e0 profiter du boom des mati\u00e8res plastiques \u2013 Les raffineries am\u00e9ricaines ont d\u00e9pens\u00e9 des milliards pour soutenir leur secteur p\u00e9trochimique d\u00e9pendant du p\u00e9trole lourd<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"Les<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

La capacit\u00e9 de cok\u00e9faction reste un \u00e9l\u00e9ment d\u00e9terminant de la capacit\u00e9 du syst\u00e8me am\u00e9ricain \u00e0 traiter le brut lourd, la majorit\u00e9 des investissements <\/strong>\u00e9tant concentr\u00e9e le long de la c\u00f4te du Golfe. L\u2019expansion constante des unit\u00e9s de cok\u00e9faction au fil du temps montre comment les raffineurs ont structurellement adapt\u00e9 leurs actifs \u00e0 des barils de p\u00e9trole plus lourd, renfor\u00e7ant ainsi leurs relations d\u2019approvisionnement qui favorisent le brut canadien.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n

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Le Canada assure la s\u00e9curit\u00e9 p\u00e9troli\u00e8re des \u00c9tats-Unis, tandis que les raffineries am\u00e9ricaines servent de porte d\u2019entr\u00e9e du p\u00e9trole canadien pour atteindre les march\u00e9s mondiaux<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"Le<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Le syst\u00e8me \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique am\u00e9ricain est de plus en plus ax\u00e9 sur les exportations, les produits p\u00e9troliers repr\u00e9sentant la majorit\u00e9 des volumes sortants au fil du temps. Cela souligne le r\u00f4le de la c\u00f4te du Golfe non seulement en tant que centre de raffinage, mais aussi en tant que plateforme p\u00e9trochimique et d\u2019exportation essentielle<\/strong>.Pour le Canada, cela renforce l\u2019importance de l\u2019acc\u00e8s au march\u00e9, du m\u00e9lange, du raffinage et des voies de r\u00e9exportation dans un paysage commercial mondial en pleine \u00e9volution.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n

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Toutefois, les investissements p\u00e9troliers am\u00e9ricains au Canada ont connu une d\u00e9cennie de fuite des capitaux<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n
\"Toutefois,<\/figure>\n\n\n\n

Malgr\u00e9 toute l\u2019int\u00e9gration transfrontali\u00e8re, les investissements am\u00e9ricains dans le secteur canadien des ressources (mines, p\u00e9trole et gaz) ont chut\u00e9 de plus de la moiti\u00e9 par rapport au sommet de 39,1 G USD de 2011<\/strong>. Entre-temps, les investissements des \u00c9tats-Unis dans les autres pays de l\u2019h\u00e9misph\u00e8re am\u00e9ricain ont connu une croissance constante, passant de 16 G USD en 2000 \u00e0 64 G USD <\/strong>en 2024, m\u00eame sans le V\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9la. <\/p>\n\n\n\n

La concurrence entre les \u00c9tats-Unis et l\u2019h\u00e9misph\u00e8re occidental pour attirer les investissements s\u2019intensifie. Le Canada devra s\u2019assurer de la pr\u00e9sence de capitaux am\u00e9ricains pour conserver sa position dominante sur le march\u00e9 am\u00e9ricain.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n

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Contributeurs<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n

Shaz Merwat,<\/strong> responsable principal, Politique \u00e9nerg\u00e9tique, Leadership avis\u00e9 de RBC<\/em><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

Un plan am\u00e9ricain visant \u00e0 relancer le p\u00e9trole v\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9lien a suscit\u00e9 des inqui\u00e9tudes quant \u00e0 une possible \u00e9rosion de la domination du Canada sur les march\u00e9s am\u00e9ricains du p\u00e9trole brut.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":89,"featured_media":12412,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"disable_focal_point":false,"featured_image_focal_point":{"x":0.72,"y":0.52},"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","footnotes":""},"rbc_tl_category":[161],"rbc_tl_tag":[],"class_list":["post-12393","rbc_tl","type-rbc_tl","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","rbc_tl_category-la-zone-commerciale"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nLe march\u00e9 du p\u00e9trole lourd se r\u00e9chauffe - RBC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Un plan am\u00e9ricain visant \u00e0 relancer le p\u00e9trole v\u00e9n\u00e9zu\u00e9lien a suscit\u00e9 des inqui\u00e9tudes quant \u00e0 une 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