{"id":16033,"date":"2025-07-10T16:26:17","date_gmt":"2025-07-10T16:26:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/?post_type=rbc_tl&#038;p=16033\/"},"modified":"2025-12-10T14:42:47","modified_gmt":"2025-12-10T14:42:47","slug":"supply-management-explained","status":"publish","type":"rbc_tl","link":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/thought-leadership\/the-trade-hub\/supply-management-explained\/","title":{"rendered":"Supply Management Explained"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<section class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-block  pos-rel\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-inner-block  section-inner pad-t-0 mob-pad-t-0\" style=\"border-radius:0x\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading mar-b-hlf mob-mar-b-hlf has-rbc-dark-blue-tint-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-8213788094f1d25338530b0fd769ca82\" id=\"h-executive-summary\">Executive Summary<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-rbc-list pad-l mob-pad-l default is-style-black-disc\">\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p><strong>Canada&#8217;s $30-billion supply management system has underpinned national food sovereignty and security for more than 50 years.<\/strong> Covering dairy, chicken, turkey and eggs, the system has ensured price and supply stability for food staples.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p><strong>The system recognizes that producing food is costly. <\/strong>The arrangement fosters supply-chain stability, however, it could lead to higher consumer prices, especially amid rising input costs<strong>.<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p><strong>Supply management\u2019s three foundational pillars are under attack\u2014again.<\/strong> Production quotas, set pricing, and import quotas ensure the system&#8217;s integrity. But all three are facing calls for reform within Canada and from its biggest trading partners, including the United States (U.S.).<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p><strong>A new law limits Ottawa&#8217;s ability to open up the sector.<\/strong> The system&#8217;s advocates say Bill C-202 prioritizes national food security and restricts the Foreign Affairs Minister from making new concessions in any trade deal. Other experts say it could hurt Canada&#8217;s position in trade negotiations, including the impending Canada-U.S.-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) review next year.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p><strong>Trade deals are chipping away at Canadian producers&#8217; dominance. <\/strong>Yet, expanded global market access for Canadian supply managed farmers may run counter to the system\u2019s design. A small production base tailored to domestic consumption makes them ill-equipped to compete as exporters in global markets, where high volume and competitive pricing are crucial.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p><strong>Canada is not alone in facing tough policy choices on agriculture. <\/strong>New Zealand agriculture is grappling with its outsized greenhouse gas footprint, while the United Kingdom is finding its feet post-Brexit. Brazil, second only to the U.S. in total agri-food export value, is eyeing greater global market share. Canada could draw some lessons from these international shifts as it evolves its domestic food sector.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"853\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Infographic-Supply-Management-Report-NEW1.png?quality=80&amp;w=1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16495\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Infographic-Supply-Management-Report-NEW1.png 7735w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Infographic-Supply-Management-Report-NEW1.png?resize=300,250 300w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Infographic-Supply-Management-Report-NEW1.png?resize=768,640 768w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Infographic-Supply-Management-Report-NEW1.png?resize=1024,853 1024w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Infographic-Supply-Management-Report-NEW1.png?resize=1536,1280 1536w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Infographic-Supply-Management-Report-NEW1.png?resize=2048,1706 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-rbc-dark-blue-tint-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-55669952c44c7448a3becead05f64472\" id=\"h-shifting-trade-policy-landscape-for-supply-managed-industries\">Shifting trade policy landscape for supply managed industries<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Canada\u2019s supply management has caught the eye of the Trump administration, again, which has identified it as a major irritant as the two countries renegotiate their trade deal.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>That has led to a new debate about Canada\u2019s supply managed food industries, including dairy, chicken, turkey and eggs, that has been a staple of Canadian policy since the 1970s.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>At its core, the system provides a stable price that fairly compensates farmers for producing high-quality food. The system\u2019s advocates say it boosts food security, supports domestic producers, and ensures consistency of quality and supply for consumers, while critics say it stifles innovation, inflates prices and limits competition.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The system has come under scrutiny in nearly every trade negotiation and economic downturn, and will likely be a discussion item at the impending Canada-U.S.-Mexico-Agreement (CUSMA) review next year. It\u2019s also being debated amid a domestic push to develop a unified market for goods and services. The conversations are evolving from polarizing calls between dismantling the system and business-as-usual, to a wider spectrum of ideas on reforming the system that\u2019s been around for more than half a century.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Those looking to preserve the system are on the move. In June, Bill C-202 received Royal Assent with strong support from Canada\u2019s supply-managed farmer associations. The Act instructs the foreign affairs minister to stop opening more dairy, poultry or egg quota to trading partners through international trade agreements. Still, the debate continues as stakeholders carve out specific areas for discussion, from the regional milk pooling systems to debating which part of the supply chain should get access to the foreign quota allotment.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>The debate is not just bouncing off agriculture\u2019s silo walls. It impacts many aspects of the Canadian economy, including food prices, choices, supply-chain jobs, and Canada\u2019s trade diversification and growth prospects.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-block  pos-rel\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-inner-block  section-inner pad-t-0 mob-pad-t-0\" style=\"border-radius:0x\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-rbc-dark-blue-tint-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-214e2fc27fbc1cf5db817fe95677c5bd\" id=\"h-what-s-at-stake\">What\u2019s at stake?<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Supply management in numbers:<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-rbc-list is-style-black-disc pad-l mob-pad-l\">\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p><strong>1%. <\/strong>The managed sectors\u2019 contribution to Canada\u2019s GDP, amounting to more than $30-billion. The entire agriculture and agri-food sector accounts for more than 7% of Canada\u2019s GDP.<sup><a href=\"#legal-1\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-3e2c4131\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"1\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">1<\/a> <a href=\"#legal-2\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-b1c8be11\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"2\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">2<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p><strong>339,000.<\/strong> The number of full-time jobs in supply managed industries, from farm to processor to distribution.<sup><a href=\"#legal-3\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-0e389b91\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"3\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">3<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p><strong>14,699.<\/strong> The number of supply managed farms in Canada, or 8% of nearly 190,000 farms across the country.<sup><a href=\"#legal-4\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-62f4dbd6\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"4\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">4<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p><strong>9,430.<\/strong> The number of dairy farms, primarily in Quebec and Ontario. Dairy farm numbers across Canada are down by more than 50% since the early 2000s, due to market consolidation.<sup><a href=\"#legal-5\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-6e404bc0\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"5\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">5<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p><strong>7%.<\/strong> The growth in the number of poultry and egg farms over the past two decades. They are largely concentrated in Ontario, British Columbia, and Quebec, with Prairie provinces also seeing an uptick.<sup><a href=\"#legal-6\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-47b78042\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"6\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">6<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-block  pos-rel\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-inner-block  section-inner pad-t-0 mob-pad-t-0\" style=\"border-radius:0x\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-rbc-dark-blue-tint-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-3154b801f2e7f851a1e4cdeff008de7f\" id=\"h-the-3s-of-supply-management\">The 3S of supply management<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>The Canadian system is designed to uphold food sovereignty, stability and standards, which helps the industry prosper, but also presents challenges in a changing global food market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-sovereignty\">Sovereignty<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em><em>Supply management ensures stable prices and a robust domestic supply chain to meet demand. But as Canadian processors hold the majority of the tariff rate quota (TRQ), which is a set amount of low tariff imports, foreign importers have argued that they have limited access to Canada\u2019s markets to fulfill their non-tariffed trade volumes negotiated in the agreement.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Supply management has emerged as a point of friction with Canada\u2019s largest trading partners, especially the U.S., the European Union (E.U.), and, more recently, New Zealand. A key sticking point: Canada\u2019s restrictions on import quotas.<br><br>The quotas are intended to limit imports within Canada\u2019s supply management industries. In recent trade negotiations, however, Canada has made greater concessions, for example, in the Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP) negotiations Canada agreed to provide participating countries, with an estimated 3.25% of Canada\u2019s domestic dairy market.<sup><a href=\"#legal-7\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-591a8560\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"7\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">7<\/a><\/sup> But as Canadian processors hold the majority of tariff import quotas, foreign importers have argued that they have limited access to Canada\u2019s markets to fulfill their non-tariffed trade volumes negotiated in the agreement.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"701\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-dairy-01.png?quality=80&amp;w=1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16346\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-dairy-01.png 4000w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-dairy-01.png?resize=300,205 300w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-dairy-01.png?resize=768,526 768w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-dairy-01.png?resize=1024,701 1024w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-dairy-01.png?resize=1536,1052 1536w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-dairy-01.png?resize=2048,1402 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Trade deals are chipping away at domestic producers\u2019 dominance:<\/strong> Trade concessions have resulted in Canada running a small trade deficit on all supply managed products, except chicken meat. For example, imports now represent roughly 4% of Canada\u2019s dairy market.<sup><a href=\"#legal-8\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-051b7401\" data-dig-label=\"8\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">8<\/a><\/sup> This has led to government payouts to dairy, poultry, and egg farmers and processors of $4.8 billion to compensate the industry\u2019s forgone profits from foreign competition.<sup><a href=\"#legal-9\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-577804db\" data-dig-label=\"9\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">9<\/a><\/sup> Such payouts means Canadians are paying for their supply managed food at the cash register\u2014and additionally through taxes.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Between 1995 and 2017 foreign access to Canada\u2019s dairy TRQ was limited to commitments under the World Trade Organization (WTO). As CUSMA, the Canada-European Union Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement (CETA) and CPTPP are phased in over the next ten years, Canadian foreign market access is expected to climb to roughly 10% of Canada\u2019s dairy production.<sup><a href=\"#legal-10\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-7dcc31dc\" data-dig-label=\"10\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">10<\/a><\/sup> In return, Canada has expanded market access for dairy, poultry and eggs in these markets. Canada has a small production base with supply-chain logistics and relationships designed for domestic markets, which makes Canadian supply managed industries ill-equipped to be leaders in global markets where high volumes at competitive prices are critical for success.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"660\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadas-system.png?quality=80&amp;w=1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16281\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadas-system.png 4000w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadas-system.png?resize=300,194 300w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadas-system.png?resize=768,495 768w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadas-system.png?resize=1024,660 1024w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadas-system.png?resize=1536,991 1536w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadas-system.png?resize=2048,1321 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Domestic supply chains are helping shield Canadians from trade wars:<\/strong> In times of global disruption, the domestic food supply chain has served Canadians well. Take the made-in-Canada movement that was kickstarted by U.S. President Donald Trump\u2019s trade war. It drove down sales of American brands, with Canadians swapping them with domestic products, wherever possible. For dairy, poultry, and eggs, Canadians can remain especially confident they have immediate access to Canada-based supply chains.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns pad-t-dbl mob-pad-t-dbl pad-b-dbl mob-pad-b-dbl pad-l-dbl mob-pad-l-dbl pad-r-dbl mob-pad-r-dbl has-rbc-bright-blue-tint-4-background-color has-background is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:100%\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-eliminating-loopholes\"><strong>Eliminating loopholes<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-rbc-list is-style-black-disc pad-l mob-pad-l\">\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>Processed products such as prepared meals can blur the lines of which food products are traded under which HS code, which categorize the trade of goods and services.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>These blurred lines have allowed importers to move products into Canada tariff-free, taking advantage of loopholes that sidestep Canada\u2019s TRQ system, which sets the volume allotted to importers under free trade agreements, including CUSMA, CETA and CPTPP.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>Some of these loopholes have been closed, such as cheese being imported tariff-free when it was classified as part of a prepared meal like pizza-making kits for restaurants, which fell outside of TRQ allotments. Other loopholes have yet to be closed such as spent fowl (i.e., old laying hens) which can be used as a category to trade misrepresented broiler chicken raised for meat consumption, to avoid paying Canadian duties.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>While importers have TRQ allotments for dairy, egg and poultry products, this low-tariff pathway to Canada is often underutilized as Canadian processors control the majority of TRQs as well as earmarked space in grocery store shelves.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>This underutilization of TRQs has been a mounting irritant between Canada and its trading partners, most notably by the Americans who say Canada has not \u201crespected the spirit\u201d of CUSMA, and made it challenging for their producers to access Canada\u2019s market.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"602\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Despite-trade-deals.png?quality=80&amp;w=1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16284\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Despite-trade-deals.png 4000w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Despite-trade-deals.png?resize=300,176 300w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Despite-trade-deals.png?resize=768,451 768w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Despite-trade-deals.png?resize=1024,602 1024w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Despite-trade-deals.png?resize=1536,903 1536w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Despite-trade-deals.png?resize=2048,1204 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-stability\">Stability<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em><em>Supply management is synonymous with stability. But, at what cost and for whom? With global market disruptions on the rise, it\u2019s critical to determine a pathway that benefits both Canadian farmers and consumers.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Canada-based food supply chains have distinguished themselves during the pandemic and other crises, such as the recent avian influenza outbreak that\u2019s ravaged the U.S. industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Indeed, egg prices in the U.S. have skyrocketed over the past year as the flu takes its toll on animal production, with 174 million confirmed poultry cases, and more than 1,074 dairy cow herds impacted in the U.S. by July 2025.<sup><a href=\"#legal-11\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-1bc7f3bb\" data-dig-label=\"11\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">11<\/a><\/sup><br><br>The impact has been far less severe in Canada, with roughly 14 million birds infected and no reported cases among dairy herds.<sup><a href=\"#legal-12\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-26de7e72\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"12\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">12<\/a><\/sup> Canada\u2019s poultry, egg and dairy farms have also been more resilient because of the industry\u2019s standards in biosecurity and animal welfare. Smaller scale production that\u2019s more dispersed compared to U.S. farms (aside from production-dense areas such as the Fraser Valley in British Columbia) has also helped. These on-farm factors have knock-on effects for stability in consumer pricing and product availability. On average, between 2017 and 2025, a dozen eggs sold in Canada was $1 more than in the U.S. However, that had flipped by February 2025 when a dozen eggs in the U.S. cost $3.52 dollars more than in Canada.<sup><a href=\"#legal-13\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-ebb98b4e\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"13\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">13<\/a> <a href=\"#legal-14\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-e68e55f7\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"14\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">14<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"571\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Egg-prices.png?quality=80&amp;w=1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Egg-prices.png 4000w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Egg-prices.png?resize=300,167 300w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Egg-prices.png?resize=768,429 768w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Egg-prices.png?resize=1024,571 1024w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Egg-prices.png?resize=1536,857 1536w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Egg-prices.png?resize=2048,1143 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p>Supply chain and market disruptions are anticipated to intensify from several issues, including a global movement away from rules-based trade and climate change triggering extreme weather events and spreading disease and pest outbreaks. It\u2019s an important consideration for policymakers as frequent volatility impacts commodity market prices.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Producing food is a costly affair.<\/strong> Fixed quota and price in supply managed sectors generate certainty for farmers, which fosters stability in the supply chain. However, this stability comes with its own cost as it inherently leads to more expensive products as the cost of inputs rise in Canada. Worsening affordability disproportionally impacts food insecurity in low-income families; however significant price volatility is disruptive to average household spending, too.<sup><a href=\"#legal-15\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-e2bef3f0\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"15\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">15<\/a> <a href=\"#legal-16\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-085289b3\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"16\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">16<\/a><\/sup><br><br>In contrast, non-supply managed farmers growing wheat and raising beef cattle, for example, are exposed to commodity markets, resulting in farmers\u2019 profit margins and consumer prices fluctuating as markets shift. Non-supply managed farmers are often price receivers and cannot pass rising costs onto consumers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Canada\u2019s support for farms is contentious\u2014but comparable to the U.S.<\/strong> When comparing total direct producer supports, U.S. contributions are 6.5 times larger than Canada\u2019s. Yet, the countries are roughly at par when estimating direct producer supports as a portion of value produced at the farmgate\u2013around 7%.<sup><a href=\"#legal-17\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-bb22efe0\" data-dig-label=\"17\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">17<\/a><\/sup> However, this support is not evenly distributed across all commodities. Specific to supply managed products, producer supports are clearly aligned with the respective countries\u2019 approach. Canada\u2019s contribution has been consistent with the price producers receive based on supply management, while U.S. farmer supports fluctuate in line with market volatility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"505\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-Dairy1.png?quality=80&amp;w=1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16351\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-Dairy1.png 4000w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-Dairy1.png?resize=300,148 300w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-Dairy1.png?resize=768,379 768w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-Dairy1.png?resize=1024,505 1024w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-Dairy1.png?resize=1536,758 1536w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Canadian-Dairy1.png?resize=2048,1011 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Supply managed farms contribute to Canada\u2019s rural economy prosperity.<\/strong> Stability also plays a broader role in Canada\u2019s rural economy. The most recent agriculture census data, shows the number of Canadian dairy farms fell 11% while herd size rose 13% over a five-year period (2016\u20132021).<sup><a href=\"#legal-18\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-7961763a\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"18\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">18<\/a><\/sup> In the U.S., the number of dairy farms decreased by 34% and herd size increased by 48% over the same period.<sup><a href=\"#legal-19\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-69435a95\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"19\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">19<\/a><\/sup> Consolidation enables larger dairy farms in the U.S. to achieve economies of scale. Yet, this recent rapid trend of fewer, bigger farms in the U.S. reduces the diversity of farm sizes, concentrates herd locations, making them more susceptible to disease and pest outbreaks, and can hollow out demand for supporting businesses and rural communities.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-standards\">Standards<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p><em><em>Canada\u2019s supply management allows for a system that adheres to high standards, leading to greater efficiency and sustainability outcomes. However, the system is not designed to maximize production.<\/em><\/em><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Canadian farmers are increasingly ramping up their capabilities to measure, report and verify their progress in adopting best management practices, especially those related to environmental sustainability and animal welfare. The strong governance and market control of supply management allows for widespread and consistent adoption of practices and standards at the farm and along the supply chain. To participate in the regulated market, supply managed farms adhere to an industry code of practice and regulated standards, which has raised Canada\u2019s standards for animal welfare and health and food quality. Non-supply managed production systems in Canada such as beef also have quality assurance programs that ensure high standards on farms such as the Ontario Corn Fed Beef Quality Assurance Program. Yet, the governance system of supply management enables widespread and consistent adoption of practices\u2014an ambition that\u2019s challenging to achieve when there is less regulation and market control.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>More stringent standards than the U.S.<\/strong> Nonetheless, on both sides of the border, milk is safe and produced to a high standard. ProAction is the Dairy Farmers of Canada\u2019s framework for best management practices and standards across six themes: milk quality, food safety, traceability, biosecurity, animal care and the environment\u2014with 99.7% of Canadian dairy farmers registered.<sup><a href=\"#legal-20\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-2b760c11\" data-dig-label=\"20\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">20<\/a><\/sup> Similarly, the U.S. has the National Dairy Farmers Assuring Responsible Management&nbsp;(FARM), which covers 99% of the U.S. milk supply.<sup><a href=\"#legal-21\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-eab102fd\" data-dig-label=\"21\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">21<\/a><\/sup> However, standards within these two programs and the complementary regulations differ, which can impact animal health and milk quality. The U.S. also allows for a higher Somatic Cell Count&nbsp;(SCC), which counts white blood cells in cows. Similar to humans, high white blood cells mean the body is fighting an illness or inflammation, which could negatively impact milk quality. Somatic Cell Count in the U.S. is 750,000 individual cells (IC) per millilitre (mL), while in Canada stands at 400,000 IC per mL.<sup><a href=\"#legal-22\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-1ac3ea27\" data-dig-label=\"22\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">22<\/a> <a href=\"#legal-23\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-69363b77\" data-dig-label=\"23\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">23<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Industry is focused on efficiency and sustainability.<\/strong> The governance frameworks of supply management also provide a platform to scale farmer engagement in industry-wide initiatives on issues such as efficiency, innovation and sustainability. For example, egg farmers across Canada are measuring and reporting their progress on sustainability through the National Environmental Sustainability and Technology Tool (NESTT) platform. This unified approach sidesteps the increasingly fragmented landscape of sustainability and regenerative agriculture projects that many farmers are navigating for market access or to develop new revenue streams through mechanisms such as carbon credits and green premiums.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" height=\"578\" width=\"1024\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Managed-dairy-system.png?quality=80&amp;w=1024\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16291\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Managed-dairy-system.png 4000w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Managed-dairy-system.png?resize=300,169 300w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Managed-dairy-system.png?resize=768,434 768w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Managed-dairy-system.png?resize=1024,578 1024w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Managed-dairy-system.png?resize=1536,867 1536w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Graphs-Managed-dairy-system.png?resize=2048,1157 2048w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 1024px) 100vw, 1024px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-block  pos-rel\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-inner-block  section-inner pad-t-0 mob-pad-t-0\" style=\"border-radius:0x\">\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading has-rbc-dark-blue-tint-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-715d0ad6fce979c687f536f03c2fff19\" id=\"h-global-dairy-lessons-how-other-markets-are-navigating-transition-and-disruption\">Global dairy lessons: How other markets are navigating transition and disruption<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p>Food security and sovereignty are featuring high on government agendas globally as extreme weather interrupts food production and trade barriers disrupt trade flows.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Dairy, a nutrient and culturally significant staple in many diets around the world\u2014from French cheese to lassi in India\u2014, has high demand but also high volatility in international markets, resulting in the industry attracting elevated attention in policy, trade, and farmer support.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>Here\u2019s how other countries are managing their dairy sector during times of transition and disruption.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-new-zealand-an-international-leader-with-a-rising-ghg-footprint\"><strong>New Zealand: An international leader with a rising GHG footprint<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>New Zealand removed its production quota in the 1980s due to a budget crisis, transforming the country into the world\u2019s largest dairy exporter. In 2001, the government launched Fonterra, a farmers\u2019 co-op, which sets prices and is now the largest purchaser of domestic milk. Its price calculation is based on revenue from milk sales minus operating and overhead costs and capital recovery. New Zealand has more than doubled its national herd since the early 1980s, and individual herd sizes increased three-fold. Consolidation meant the number of herds fell from 15,753 in 1985 to 10,485 in 2024.<sup><a href=\"#legal-24\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-6133ecdc\" data-dig-label=\"24\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">24<\/a><\/sup> Market liberalization has transformed the New Zealand dairy supply chain, especially powder milk production, which has grown 237% in volume since 2000, driven by free trade agreements with large importers such as China and targeted foreign and domestic investment in building capacity and automating manufacturing processes.<sup><a href=\"#legal-25\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-1c1c3c62\" data-dig-label=\"25\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">25<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-default-collapsible\"><p><button class=\"collapse-toggle collapsed\" data-target=\"#collapse1d7993ea\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse1d7993ea\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-1d7993ea\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"accordion closed\" action-closed=\"accordion closed\" action-opened=\"accordion open\" data-dig-label=\"Read more\"><span>Read more<\/span><span>Read less<\/span><\/button><\/p><div class=\"collapse-content collapse\" id=\"collapse1d7993ea\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-collapsible-inner-block collapse-inner\">\n<p>The dairy sector has become highly efficient and competitive, as demonstrated by its herd consolidation, but the growth in the number of cows has raised the sector\u2019s environmental impacts, such as greenhouse gas emissions (GHG). Led by dairy, agriculture now accounts for over 50% of New Zealand\u2019s GHG emissions.<sup><a href=\"#legal-26\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-e629f0cd\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"26\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">26<\/a><\/sup> Recent national GHG targets have created uncertainty in the sector, resulting in a review of national targets and agriculture\u2019s role in meeting them. AgriZero, a public-private partnership, is focused on matching funds and accelerating climate action in agriculture. It\u2019s seen as a unique model to stack funds at a time when attention on climate mitigation has slowed down.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Lesson for Canada:<\/strong> A first of its kind, AgriZero serves as an example for Canada to explore as pools of climate funds shrink and the need for coordinated, scaled action in agriculture grows.<br><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-united-kingdom-transitioning-away-from-the-eu-model\"><strong>United Kingdom: Transitioning away from the EU model<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>The U.K. is transitioning its policy approach to area-based subsides under the Environmental Land Management Schemes (ELMS) post-Brexit that\u2019s underpinned by sustainable agriculture such as marginal land rehabilitation. Dairy producers in the U.K. received direct payments under the EU&#8217;s Common Agriculture Policy (CAP), but these types of payments are being phased out until 2028, as part of the U.K. departure from the economic bloc. This transition in farmer support imposes both financial and administrative burdens on the sector as farmers navigate change, amid rising costs of domestic production and competition from importers.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-default-collapsible\"><p><button class=\"collapse-toggle collapsed\" data-target=\"#collapse7c2afe51\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapse7c2afe51\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-7c2afe51\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"accordion closed\" action-closed=\"accordion closed\" action-opened=\"accordion open\" data-dig-label=\"Read more\"><span>Read more<\/span><span>Read less<\/span><\/button><\/p><div class=\"collapse-content collapse\" id=\"collapse7c2afe51\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-collapsible-inner-block collapse-inner\">\n<p>To enable greater agri-food trade among E.U. countries and the U.K., the two have agreed to move forward with establishing a common Sanitary and Phytosanitary area (i.e., shared standards on food safety and quality) that aims to ease the movement of agriculture and food products across the U.K. and EU. However, some say that the move could impact the U.K.\u2019s ability to form trade agreements with countries outside of the E.U. and maintains the U.K.\u2019s ties to the economic region.<br><br><strong>Lesson for Canada:<\/strong> As Canada embarks on a mission to strengthen and diverse its international trade, it might avoid going from an over-reliance on the U.S. to over-indexing to another region or country via overly restrictive standard alignment of agri-food products for trade.<br><\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-brazil-the-struggle-to-break-into-the-global-market-despite-high-ambition\"><strong>Brazil: The struggle to break into the global market despite high ambition<\/strong><\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Brazil has transformed its agriculture sector and is now a leader in global agri-food exports\u2014the second largest in the world, after the U.S. Yet, less than 1% of Brazil\u2019s dairy production is exported.<sup><a href=\"#legal-27\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-e5132522\" data-dig-label=\"27\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">27<\/a><\/sup> Domestic demand, market infrastructure that\u2019s not export-oriented, and a highly competitive international market has impeded Brazil\u2019s global push.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-default-collapsible\"><p><button class=\"collapse-toggle collapsed\" data-target=\"#collapsee3970d06\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapsee3970d06\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-e3970d06\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"accordion closed\" action-closed=\"accordion closed\" action-opened=\"accordion open\" data-dig-label=\"Read more\"><span>Read more<\/span><span>Read less<\/span><\/button><\/p><div class=\"collapse-content collapse\" id=\"collapsee3970d06\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-collapsible-inner-block collapse-inner\">\n<p>The country\u2019s dairy production and processing infrastructure greatly varies from smallholder, subsistence farms to modern, large-scale farm businesses. The former is supported through subsidies for asset investments such as cooling tanks, pasture, and milking infrastructure. Farmer prices are mostly market-driven, but the government may intervene via CONAB (National Supply Company) to buy excess milk or offer storage subsidies.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p>With ambitions to break into the global market in a big way, Brazil is up against tough competition, notably from New Zealand, as it eyes the Middle East, Latin American and Asian markets. To grow globally, Brazil must also address its weaker standard and regulatory approach to land use, GHG emissions, traceability and cold-chain logistics.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Lesson for Canada:<\/strong> While Brazil and Canada have had different agri-food development trajectories to date, they are increasingly competing for the same piece of the global agri-food export pie. Brazil\u2019s approach to enabling diverse scales of production, targeted at both domestic and export growth, should prompt Canada to investigate its own production, which continues to consolidate and faces rising foreign competition.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-block  pos-rel mar-b-dbl mob-mar-b-dbl\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-inner-block  section-inner pad-t mob-pad-t pad-b mob-pad-b pad-l mob-pad-l pad-r mob-pad-r has-rbc-bright-blue-tint-4-background-color has-background\" style=\"border-radius:0x\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\" id=\"h-market-outlook\">Market Outlook<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p>Canada\u2019s supply management systems is designed to protect the country from changes in international markets. Yet, policymakers still need to be alert to structural shifts and macro trends in the global industry.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p><strong>Dairy<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-rbc-list is-style-black-disc pad-l mob-pad-l\">\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>Real global dairy prices for farmers are projected to trend downward within this decade. But, relative to input costs, prices are expected to rise, especially as milk produced per animal grows.<sup><a href=\"#legal-28\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-d1928e61\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"28\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">28<\/a><\/sup> U.S. farmers could see an average annual drop of 8% year-over-year in real price, signalling lower returns for dairy farms in commodity markets that do not innovate and grow.<sup><a href=\"#legal-29\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-9b98ed0f\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"29\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">29<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>Global dairy consumption is expected to modestly increase 1% per year, while production is projected to grow at 1.6% per year to 1,085 million tonnes, driven by production in India, Pakistan and Sub-Saharan Africa, primarily for their domestic consumption.<sup><a href=\"#legal-30\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-7893d3b4\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"30\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">30<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>Fresh dairy consumption in North America and Europe are stable or declining as consumers move away from full-fat milk and cream, and plant-based alternatives such as oat milk mature as an established replacement. Processed dairy consumption, including butter and powder milks are on the rise driven by their use in food manufacturing, including infant formula and baked goods. Finally, cheese consumption, which is closely connected to household income has been on the rise in growing international markets such as Mexico, the U.S., Brazil and Saudia Arabia.<sup><a href=\"#legal-31\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-3a570b57\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"31\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">31<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>Only 7% of global milk production is traded internationally due to its perishability and as market infrastructure in many countries is primarily designed for domestic or regional distribution with few exceptions, such as New Zealand and Ireland. However, over 50% of milk powder, including whole and skim products, are traded.<sup><a href=\"#legal-32\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-d1575856\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"32\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">32<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>World dairy trade is expected to grow by more than 12% over the next eight years. Skim milk powder from the U.S. and cheese from the E.U., two of the largest dairy export segments, are poised for the highest growth.<sup><a href=\"#legal-33\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-89d4c618\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"33\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">33<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<p><strong><strong>Poultry and eggs<\/strong><\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-rbc-list is-style-black-disc pad-l mob-pad-l\">\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>Global prices for poultry and eggs are projected to decline as inflation and input costs fall. For example, U.S. farm prices per dozen of eggs are projected to decline by US$0.90 over the next decade, with an average year-over-year decline of 4%.<sup><a href=\"#legal-34\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-8bf5de8a\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"34\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">34<\/a><\/sup> However, U.S. production is expected to rise 12% by 2033, from a 2022 baseline.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>Poultry production is expected to increase with growing demand, and account for nearly half of all meat produced. Global poultry consumption is expected to grow 16% over the next decade\u2014the most among animal proteins. Poultry is projected to account for 43% of animal protein consumed by 2034, with notable growth in Brazil, Europe, and the U.S.<sup><a href=\"#legal-35\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-bc792bb2\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"35\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">35<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>China\u2019s self-sustaining food policy and recent rebound from African swine fever and avian influenza outbreaks has resulted in a decline in global meat trade from its height in 2021, when China accounted for roughly a quarter of global meat imports.<\/p>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li class=\"wp-block-rbc-list-item\">\n<p>Population and GDP growth in Africa and Asia are expected to rebound meat exports within the next decade, driven by poultry which is expected to account for over 40% of total meat imports.<sup><a href=\"#legal-36\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-fb402acf\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"link click\" data-dig-label=\"36\" class=\"rbc-link-format\">36<\/a><\/sup><\/p>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-block  pos-rel mar-b-dbl mob-mar-b-dbl\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-inner-block inner-section-white section-inner  has-rbc-bright-blue-tint-1-background-color has-background\" style=\"border-radius:0x\">\n<section class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-block  pos-rel has-rbc-bright-blue-tint-1-background-color has-background\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-inner-block  section-inner pad-t-0 mob-pad-t-0 pad-b-0 mob-pad-b-0\" style=\"border-radius:0x\">\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-27bafdfdcecff689d3ef773a0a1dc0c9\" id=\"h-contributors\">Contributors:<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mob-mar-b-0 mar-b-0 has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-1f61b247bcce7e5b83fecb110509ba8f\"><strong>Lead author<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mar-b-hlf mob-mar-b-hlf has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-69d1c4e1504c87aa8d4a7706a7f4222e\"><strong>Lisa Ashton <\/strong>&#8211; Director, Agriculture Policy<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mar-b-0 mob-mar-b-0 has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-6d6f3fc18149fb09aa3f275588288bb4\"><strong>Editor<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mar-b-hlf mob-mar-b-hlf has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-101b89d4f0447ba387b5bdf121d61b9d\"><strong>Yadullah Hussain<\/strong> &#8211; Managing Editor<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mob-mar-b-0 mar-b-0 has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-92305a6d8e94f0146ac21b5612097aa4\"><strong>Design and production<\/strong><\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"mob-mar-b-0 mar-b-0 has-white-color has-text-color has-link-color wp-elements-0b09b81b607f10c198d3cac054cab19a\"><strong>Caprice Biasoni <\/strong>&#8211; Graphic Design Specialist<\/p>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-block  pos-rel\" style=\"border-radius:0px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-section-inner-block  section-inner\" style=\"border-radius:0x\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-columns has-border-color has-grey-border-color is-layout-flex wp-container-core-columns-is-layout-28f84493 wp-block-columns-is-layout-flex\" style=\"border-width:1px\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-column has-border-color has-grey-border-color is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"border-width:1px;flex-basis:33.33%\">\n<figure class=\"wp-block-image size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"572\" height=\"362\" src=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Banners_Download-PDF-RBC-TL.png?quality=80\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-16277\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Banners_Download-PDF-RBC-TL.png 572w, https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/07\/Supply-Management-Banners_Download-PDF-RBC-TL.png?resize=300,190 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 572px) 100vw, 572px\" \/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-column is-layout-flow wp-block-column-is-layout-flow\" style=\"flex-basis:66.66%\">\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading mar-t mar-l\" id=\"h-download-the-report\">Download the Report<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-buttons  mar-l is-layout-flex wp-block-buttons-is-layout-flex\"><div>\n<div class=\"wp-block-button btn before is-style-tertiary tertiary\"><a class=\"wp-block-button__link wp-element-button\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/03\/RBC-TL-Supply-Management-Explained-Report-EN1.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-09519300\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"button click\" data-dig-label=\"Download-https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/4\/2025\/03\/RBC-TL-Supply-Management-Explained-Report-EN1.pdf \">Download<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/section>\n\n\n\n<section class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-legal-collapsible disclaimer\" aria-label=\"Legal Disclaimers\"><div class=\"section-inner\"><p><button class=\"collapse-toggle collapsed\" data-target=\"#collapseDisclaimer\" data-toggle=\"collapse\" aria-expanded=\"false\" aria-controls=\"collapseDisclaimer\" data-dig-id=\"LP-16033-742161de\" data-dig-category=\"LP\" data-dig-action=\"legal close\" data-dig-label=\"legal close\" action-closed=\"legal close\" action-opened=\"legal open\" label-close=\"legal open\" label-open=\"legal close\"><span>References<\/span><span>Hide References<\/span><\/button><\/p><div class=\"collapse-content collapse\" id=\"collapseDisclaimer\"><div class=\"collapse-inner\"><div class=\"table-wpr\">\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-1\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>1<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Statistics Canada. GDP at basic price, by industry, province and territory, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-2\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>2<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC). Overview of Canada&#8217;s agriculture and agri-food sector, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-3\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>3<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Dairy Farmers of Canada. What Supply Management Means for Canadians, 2024.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-4\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>4<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Statistics Canada. Farms classified by farm type, Census of Agriculture historical data, 2022.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-5\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>5<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Statistics Canada.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-6\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>6<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Statistics Canada.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-7\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>7<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Dairy Processors Association of Canada. Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership (CPTPP).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-8\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>8<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Statistics Canda. Dairy statistics and market information, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-9\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>9<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada (AAFC). Supporting Canada\u2019s supply-managed sectors, 2023.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-10\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>10<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Dairy Processors Association of Canada. Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-11\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>11<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Avian Influenza (Bird Flu), 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-12\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>12<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA). Status of ongoing avian influenza response by province, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-13\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>13<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Statistics Canada. Monthly average retail prices for selected products, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-14\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>14<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics. Consumer Price Index \u2013 Average price data, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-15\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>15<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Statistics Canada. Household spending by household income quintile, Canada, regions and provinces, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-16\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>16<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Statistics Canada. Food insecurity by economic family type, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-17\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>17<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). Agricultural policy monitoring, 2024.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-18\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>18<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Statistics Canada. Number of cattle, by class and farm type (x 1,000), 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-19\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>19<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>United States Department of Agriculture, National Statistic Services (USDA NASS) 2022 Census of Agriculture, 2024.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-20\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>20<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Dairy Farmers of Canada (DFC). ProAction, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-21\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>21<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Farmers Assuring Responsible Management (FARM).Animal Care, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-22\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>22<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>DFC. ProAction \u2013 Milk Quality, 2021.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-23\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>23<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>USDA. Determining U.S. Milk Quality Using Bulk-Tank Somatic Cell Counts, 2018.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-24\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>24<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>DairyNZ and LIC. New Zealand Dairy Statistics 2023-24, 2024.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-25\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>25<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>USDA Foreign Agricultural Service. New Zealand: Dairy and Products Annual, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-26\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>26<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Ministry of the Environment, New Zealand. New Zealand&#8217;s Greenhouse Gas Inventory, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-27\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>27<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>Food and Agriculture Organization, United Nations (FAO). Dairy Market Review: Overview of global market developments in 2024, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-28\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>28<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>OECD and FAO. OECD-FAO Agricultural Outlook 2024-2033, 2024.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-29\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>29<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>USDA Economic Research Service. USDA Agricultural Projections to 2034, 2025.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-30\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>30<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>OECD-FAO.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-31\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>31<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>FAO.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-32\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>32<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>OECD-FAO.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-33\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>33<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>OECD-FAO.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-34\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>34<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>USDA.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-35\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>35<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>OECD-FAO.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-rbc-rbc-disclaimer-block\"><div class=\"table-row\" id=\"legal-36\"><div class=\"table-cell\"><span class=\"offscreen\">Legal Disclaimer<\/span><sup>36<\/sup><\/div><div class=\"table-cell\">\n<p>OECD-FAO.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/section>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The trade-offs of Canada\u2019s supply management system amid a shifting global food market<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":300,"featured_media":16354,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"disable_focal_point":true,"featured_image_focal_point":{"x":0.5,"y":0.5},"advgb_blocks_editor_width":"","advgb_blocks_columns_visual_guide":"","footnotes":""},"rbc_tl_category":[202,130,198,116],"rbc_tl_tag":[],"class_list":["post-16033","rbc_tl","type-rbc_tl","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","rbc_tl_category-agriculture-reports","rbc_tl_category-climate-action-institute","rbc_tl_category-the-trade-hub","rbc_tl_category-uncategorized"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - 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