{"id":4014,"date":"1982-11-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"1982-11-01T01:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-63-no-6-nov-dec-1982-careers-at-the-crossroads\/"},"modified":"2022-11-27T02:52:37","modified_gmt":"2022-11-27T02:52:37","slug":"vol-63-no-6-nov-dec-1982-careers-at-the-crossroads","status":"publish","type":"rbc_letter","link":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-63-no-6-nov-dec-1982-careers-at-the-crossroads\/","title":{"rendered":"Vol. 63. No. 6 &#8211; Nov.\/Dec. 1982 &#8211; Careers at the Crossroads"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"layout-column-main\">\n<p class=\"boldtext\">A changing economy calls for a reassessment                     of our ideas about working life. During Career Week in Canada,                     it&#8217;s a good time to question old assumptions. Certainly no                     one today can trust to luck to find satisfying employment.                     Careers no longer happen; they&#8217;re planned&#8230;<\/p>\n<p> People a few generations ago had little trouble choosing                     a career, because circumstances usually chose one for them.                     If you were a young man, you did what your father did, or                     something close. If you did not follow exactly in his footsteps,                     neither did you stray far from the path laid out for you.                     A lawyer&#8217;s son might become a doctor, or a butcher&#8217;s son a                     baker; but it was unlikely that a butcher&#8217;s son would become                     a doctor under a stratified social order that kept people                     fixed in their class.<\/p>\n<p>If you were a young woman, the terms were even simpler:                     you were expected to marry and raise children. The next choice                     was to stay at home for the rest of your life and care for                     your parents in their old age. Either that, or you sought                     one of the very few occupations open to the &#8220;weaker sex&#8221; &#8211;                     but only if you were single. Respectable married women did                     not work outside the home unless they were in desperate financial                     straits.<\/p>\n<p>If you were a member of a minority, most fields of endeavour                     were securely barred against you. Blacks were consigned to                     menial labour, and the Chinese were expected to run restaurants                     or launder clothes. North American Indians were expected to                     be&#8230; Indians. And the handicapped were told that they might                     as well forget about most types of work.<\/p>\n<p>The result was that careers and personalities were mismatched                     across the whole spectrum of employment. On one hand, men                     and women of intelligence and talent were prevented from living                     up to their potential; on the other, individuals with no particular                     aptitude for their work struggled along in it because of their                     status at birth.<\/p>\n<p>The system spawned considerable personal misery, to say                     nothing of professional incompetence. Certainly generals who                     were born to be generals often proved disastrously inept at                     their craft. The two chief bunglers in the military debacle                     immortalized by Lord Tennyson in <em>The Charge of the Light                     Brigade <\/em>might have been better employed as clothing designers.                     Lord Cardigan invented the sweater that bears his name, and                     Lord Raglan designed the raglan sleeve for coats.<\/p>\n<p>The bad old days of job discrimination have not entirely                     passed into history. Minority groups still have to struggle                     for employment opportunities which others take as their right.                     For the most part, however, the difficulty in choosing a career                     in Canada today is not that the choices are restricted. For                     young people in high school, there is no shortage of career                     possibilities; the problem is to zero in on one which both                     offers a future and satisfies their psychological wants and                     needs.<\/p>\n<p>At last count, more than 7,000 different occupations existed                     in Canada, and the number is growing. Faced with such a vast                     and complex array of career possibilities, young people may                     be forgiven if they don&#8217;t know where to start. The sheer number                     of choices is partly responsible for the fact that, in a recent                     survey of 100,000 Canadian students, 30 per cent of them said                     they had no idea of what they would do when they left high                     school. But a senior federal civil servant read a more ominous                     reason into the response.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;This appears to relate to a pessimism and fatalism that                     is tragically wide-spread among Canadian youths, and which                     prevents them from seeing any point to career, educational                     or other planning for their future,&#8221; he commented. The pessimism                     is a product of the latest economic slump, which has left                     a large proportion of the labour force unemployed. In effect,                     youths are asking: &#8220;What&#8217;s the use of planning for a career                     if you can&#8217;t get a job of any sort?&#8221; The answer is that, at                     a time of tough competition in the employment market, the                     jobs available will go to those best-qualified in a given                     field &#8211; those who are prepared.<\/p>\n<p>It is true that, in a serious recession, even well-qualified                     workers may not readily find employment. But it is also true                     that the economy moves in cycles. It only makes sense to work                     towards having your qualifications ready for the time when                     conditions improve and fresh opportunities open up.<\/p>\n<h3>On-the-job training no longer suffices                   to                   carve out a niche<\/h3>\n<p>As for the fatalism detected in the survey results, hard                     times are the worst times to trust to fate or luck in the                     search for suitable and satisfying employment. When jobs are                     scarce, there is limited room for people to drift from one                     employer to another until they land in a position they like.<\/p>\n<p>In any case, the day has passed when a young person with                     little formal education or training could parlay ambition                     and diligence into a successful career, like the hero of a                     Horatio Alger novel. Except in the case of apprenticeship                     &#8211; which is essentially a form of education in a working environment                     &#8211; on-the-job training alone is rarely sufficient to secure                     a well-paying job offering scope for personal growth. In a                     wide range of jobs which people once learned as they went                     along, employers are now demanding prior schooling. To take                     a random example, ambulance attendants are expected to have                     completed a course in a community college before they start                     to work.<\/p>\n<p>Even where on-the-job training is acceptable, employers                     tend to prefer the applicant with the better general education.                     In some instances this is a formal rule: recruits into most                     Canadian police forces, for example, are required to have                     completed grade 12, or the equivalent in Quebec. In other                     fields the requirements are informal, but employers quite                     logically assume that a person who has, say, 12 years of schooling                     is a harder and more intelligent worker than one who has only                     10 years.<\/p>\n<p>So the old-fashioned Horatio Alger notion of a career as                     something one hits upon as a result of perseverance and good                     fortune no longer holds water. It is only one of the long-cherished                     assumptions about the subject which must be re-examined in                     the hard light of the new social and economic conditions that                     have emerged over the past few years.<\/p>\n<p>Another is the assumption that a career is a lifelong proposition.                     Professional consultants estimate that as many as half of                     all the occupations now practised in Canada will become obsolete                     or will be altered out of recognition in the next 25 to 30                     years. Retraining to keep up with changing techniques and                     equipment has become a way of life in some trades, and &#8220;second                     careers&#8221; for middle-aged workers are becoming increasingly                     common. Ironically, this is happening at a time of growing                     specialization. The men and women best-equipped to deal with                     the future are those who have a thorough grasp of their specialty,                     but also have a broad enough background to adapt to new methods                     or to move into different fields.<\/p>\n<h3>The aging of the work force creates                   a whole                   new scene<\/h3>\n<p>People will have to work harder in future to keep their                     careers alive. And the competition, especially in the middle                     and top ranks of business and public service, will be intense.                     According to Elizabeth Hartzell in <em>Personnel Journal<\/em>,                     &#8220;Those who aspire to the upper echelons of authority and policy-making                     power will require previously unprecedented qualifications                     and abilities to make the jump. The ranks of middle management                     and middle technical workers will swell accordingly.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>This is mainly because the average age of the population                     is steadily rising. As a result, &#8220;the problem of the work                     force in the &#8217;80s will be too many at the top and middle with                     too few workers breaking into the bottom,&#8221; Ms. Hartzell writes.                     This should be good news for young people who will be starting                     their working lives over the next decade. But to take full                     advantage of it, they and their parents and teachers may have                     to revise their ideas of what constitutes success.<\/p>\n<p>For many years, the model of &#8220;the successful man&#8221; in Canada                     wore a white &#8211; as opposed to a blue &#8211; collar. In an upwardly-mobile                     society, blue-collar workers sent their sons and daughters                     to university so that they could move into the white-collar                     ranks. The bulge of the population of youngsters in the 1960s                     and &#8217;70s accommodated the growing supply of graduates by creating                     thousands of new jobs in education and the social services.                     But with the aging of the general population, a process which                     will continue until the end of the century, the pendulum of                     demand has swung back towards the skilled and technical trades.<\/p>\n<p>In its Annual Report for 1981, the Public Service Commission                     of Canada observed: &#8220;A high percentage of skilled blue-collar                     workers in Canada are now over 40 years of age and few young                     Canadians are entering blue-collar trades. The number of young                     Canadians entering the work force is not large enough to replace                     retiring workers.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>It is said that the emergence of robots in industry has                     cast a shadow over the future of blue-collar work. But robots                     are nothing but machines, and machines need to be maintained.                     Skilled tradesmen specializing in robot maintenance are expected                     to be in strong demand over the next half-century. In general,                     experts say, increased automation will mean less work on production                     lines, but more work in the background, making sure the production                     lines run.<\/p>\n<p>In the meantime, there is also a demand for people following                     technical careers which fit somewhere in between the blue                     and white collars. Technicians and technologists in computers,                     electronics and telecommunications are reported to be in short                     supply. Among professionals, there is an evident need for                     more electrical, mechanical and chemical engineers.<\/p>\n<p>The changes taking place in the kind of work to be done                     in the economy are part of an historical process. In 1901,                     72 per cent of Canadian workers were engaged in manual labour                     of one form or another, compared with less than 40 per cent                     today.<\/p>\n<p>The move towards more service and clerical work partly accounts                     for a rise in the participation of working-age women in the                     labour force from 12 per cent in 1901 to over 40 per cent                     today.<\/p>\n<h3>The end of the predominant male career                   in a marriage<\/h3>\n<p>About 60 per cent of Canada&#8217;s 4.4 million working women                     are married and between the ages of 20 and 44. The fact that                     women now make up such a large part of the entire labour force                     represents a profound social change which calls for a change                     in traditional thinking about careers. For one thing, it signals                     the end of the predominant male career in a marriage. If he                     intends eventually to marry, a young man entering the working                     world today must think in terms of combining his career with                     his future wife&#8217;s. No longer can she be expected automatically                     to sublimate her emotional needs and aspirations for the sake                     of his position. He must be prepared to share the practical                     and emotional burdens of both their working lives.<\/p>\n<p>Though financial pressures have had a part to play in the                     rise in female employment, the typical &#8220;working wife&#8221; can                     no longer be said to be working to make up for shortfall in                     the family budget. With the increased equality of education                     between the sexes has come increased equality in the type                     and status of careers. Women are streaming into professions                     once practically closed to them &#8211; law, accounting, engineering,                     and high-level management. Lately they have also been taking                     up male-dominated trades in industry and construction, where                     they are able to earn as much as double the wages paid to                     female staff in offices and stores.<\/p>\n<p>Writing in <em>Jobs for Your Future<\/em>, a publication of                     the non-profit careers organization named Bridging the Gap,                     Audrey Swail of the Women&#8217;s Bureau of the Ontario Department                     of Labour touched on another important result of the &#8220;liberation&#8221;                     of the employment market: &#8220;Men too are widening their options                     and moving out of traditional jobs. Sex stereotyping is no                     more satisfactory for men than it is for women. For reasons                     of changing life styles and greater demands for personal satisfaction,                     men are working in hospitals as nurses, in banks as tellers,                     and in offices as secretaries.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The &#8220;reasons for changing life styles&#8221; mentioned by Ms.                     Swail hold out the promise that, in future, more people will                     be happier in their jobs than ever. They are no longer restrained                     by social convention from seeking the type of work that most                     satisfies them. When a 32-year-old married woman became a                     transport truck driver a few years ago, there was no more                     delighted individual: &#8220;I had a love for trucks when I was                     a child. They fascinate me. Anything of such considerable                     size takes skill to drive. To be capable of manoeuvring something                     that big is beautiful.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>Counselling helps people find themselves &#8211;                                       and the right jobs<\/h3>\n<p>There is no guarantee, of course, that everybody can be                     happy in his work, any more than there is a guarantee of happiness                     in any other facet of living. Economic reality will continue                     to determine what jobs there are to be done, and it will be                     up to individuals to derive as much satisfaction as possible                     from the work they do.<\/p>\n<p>Those who do find satisfaction are likely to be those who,                     in their youth, have thought hardest about what they want                     to do with their lives, and have taken advantage of the educational                     services around them to help them on their way to their objectives.<\/p>\n<p>Such help is available in the form of professional career                     counselling. A position paper on career guidance prepared                     for the Canadian School Trustees&#8217; Association in 1980 neatly                     summarized what this under-appreciated activity is all about.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Guidance,&#8221; it said, &#8220;provides opportunities for students                     to consider their interests, aptitudes, abilities, values,                     beliefs and attitudes.&#8221; All this has one overriding aim: to                     instil in students a knowledge of themselves.<\/p>\n<p>It is generally recognized in the guidance profession that                     counsellors cannot make up their clients&#8217; minds for them about                     how they will spend their future. What counselling can do,                     though, is make them aware of their own strengths, weaknesses                     and inclinations through the use of aptitude tests, interest                     inventories and other modern evaluation techniques. By sifting                     through the results of questionnaires, interviews, etc., counsellors                     are able to point in the general direction of a person&#8217;s career.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The next step involves developing an awareness of present-future                     relationships in which students relate present activities                     to future activities,&#8221; says D. Stuart Conger, Director of                     the Career Analysis and Development Branch of Employment and                     Immigration Canada. &#8220;The student must realize that choosing                     algebra is essential to entering engineering school, or that                     taking blueprint reading is necessary to advance to the skilled                     construction or machine trades.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>An awareness of present-future relationships is even more                     vital to life in general, because what you do in your youth                     can shape your whole future. It should be impressed on young                     people that they will be working for 40 years or more, barring                     spells of unemployment. That is an extremely long time to                     spend in a job or occupation you don&#8217;t like.<\/p>\n<p>Parents and teachers find it difficult to impress on the                     young just how crucial it is to plan and work towards a career                     that suits their unique psychological make-up. The reason                     is that the full effects of occupational mismatching are only                     felt at a later age. In your youth, you are naturally tempted                     to &#8220;take the money and run,&#8221; trading eight hours a day at                     a job that means nothing to you for the cash to have a good                     time in your off-hours. But when people settle down to a less                     stimulating (but more expensive) family life, their work takes                     on greater personal proportions. By the time they reach middle                     age, they may feel that they have wasted a large part of their                     lives doing a job that offers only monetary rewards.<\/p>\n<p>Career Week in Canada, to be held from November 1 to 7 this                     year, is designed to focus public attention on the importance                     of vocational guidance and career planning. It will also publicize                     the range of jobs available &#8211; including many in occupations                     that did not exist a few years ago. Above all, it will try                     to combat that &#8220;pessimism and fatalism&#8221; which has exerted                     a grip on far too many young Canadians. For their own sake                     and the sake of the national economy, they should be encouraged                     to prepare for a future of productive and personally rewarding                     work.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":79,"featured_media":0,"template":"","categories":[1],"rbc_letter_theme":[],"rbc_letter_year":[69],"class_list":["post-4014","rbc_letter","type-rbc_letter","status-publish","hentry","category-uncategorized","rbc_letter_year-69"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vol. 63. No. 6 - Nov.\/Dec. 1982 - Careers at the Crossroads - RBC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-63-no-6-nov-dec-1982-careers-at-the-crossroads\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vol. 63. No. 6 - Nov.\/Dec. 1982 - Careers at the Crossroads - RBC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"A changing economy calls for a reassessment of our ideas about working life. During Career Week in Canada, it&#8217;s a good time to question old assumptions. Certainly no one today can trust to luck to find satisfying employment. 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