{"id":4010,"date":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1994-05-01T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-75-no-3-may-june-1994-a-matter-of-attitude\/"},"modified":"2022-11-27T02:11:06","modified_gmt":"2022-11-27T02:11:06","slug":"vol-75-no-3-may-june-1994-a-matter-of-attitude","status":"publish","type":"rbc_letter","link":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-75-no-3-may-june-1994-a-matter-of-attitude\/","title":{"rendered":"Vol. 75 No. 3 &#8211; May\/June 1994 &#8211; A Matter of Attitude"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"layout-column-main\">\n<p class=\"boldtext\">Everybody has social attitudes, and everybody                     is exposed to them in others. It is wise to be aware of them,                     for they can be dangerous things. We should keep a close eye                     on our attitudes lest they lead us to transgress against our                     fellows. And lest we abdicate our responsibility as thinking                     beings&#8230;<\/p>\n<p> The introduction of the word &#8220;attitude&#8221; into American slang                     has piled confusion on top of confusion. To the &#8220;gangsta rap&#8221;                     performers who apparently started the trend, &#8220;having attitude&#8221;                     means having only one kind of attitude &#8211; the belligerent kind.                     The phrase has since been snapped up by hip advertising copywriters                     to describe any number of interesting conditions. In the process,                     &#8221; attitude&#8221; has become one of those words from the land of                     Humpty Dumpty that mean whatever their users want them to                     mean.<\/p>\n<p>It was already confusing enough that there were two different                     classes of attitudes that are often mistakenly thought of                     as one &#8211; the personal and the social. The former contain an                     individual philosophy of life; the latter, a view of society.                     It is personal attitudes that make optimists and pessimists,                     idealist, and cynics, mavericks and conformists, high achievers                     and high school drop-outs. It is social attitudes that make                     liberals and conservatives, moderates and radicals, pros and                     antis, bigots and bleeding hearts.<\/p>\n<p>In this essay we shall confine our comments to social attitudes,                     which exert an immeasurable influence on human affairs, both                     positive and negative. For instance, the economic rise of                     the Japanese people from the wreckage of World War II has                     been attributed largely to their attitude towards working                     hard together in the national interest. In contrast, recent                     events in Eastern Europe have shown the horrible things that                     can happen when ethnic and religious attitudes drive communities                     apart.<\/p>\n<p>In countries such as Canada, attitudes underwrite the social                     contract that is the basis of a working democracy. Most of                     us behave decently in line with an attitude which decrees                     that the public good must ultimately be put before private                     impulses or desires. We abide by the laws of the land because                     they broadly correspond to our own &#8220;mindset.&#8221; We elect our                     governments on the basis of how closely their declared policies                     match the attitude of the majority.<\/p>\n<p>But it is beyond the formal boundaries of the law that attitudes                     have their greatest effect, in the day-to-day relationships                     among people. They can make the difference between a place                     where people live together in harmony, peace and justice,                     and a place racked by ill-will, suspicion and tension, if                     not actual strife.<\/p>\n<p>In our personal lives, we all carry a package of social                     attitudes into the world around us. At the same time, the                     attitudes of others may weigh heavily on our own affairs.                     Some people, for instance, may refuse to play by the established                     rules, or try to impose their values or enthusiasms on us                     against our wishes. Others may discriminate against us, or                     discriminate against third parties and try to make us do so                     as well.<\/p>\n<p>Even in an apparently enlightened society such as Canada&#8217;s,                     all too many of our fellow residents are subjected to harm                     because others have attitudinal objections to some feature                     of their identities. This could be their colour, religion,                     sex, disabilities, or something else that is equally inconsequential                     to the worth of a human being.<\/p>\n<p>It might be argued that such overt discrimination could                     only come from a person who has passed the point of holding                     an attitude and moved on to bare-faced prejudice. Still, the                     seeds of any prejudice are to be found in common attitudes.<\/p>\n<p>Moreover, people are likely to lull themselves into believing                     that their prejudices are really only attitudes. The words                     have different connotations; a prejudice is often &#8211; though                     not always &#8211; reprehensible. An attitude? Well, doesn&#8217;t that                     sound innocuous and benign?<\/p>\n<h3><span class=\"quote\">The collective beliefs that make up attitudes are often sheer mythology<\/span><\/h3>\n<p>In this regard we should all be aware that &#8220;there is nothing                     respecting which a man may be so long unconscious, as of the                     extent and strength of his prejudices,&#8221; to quote the Scottish                     jurist and editor Lord Francis Jeffrey. The reason for this                     phenomenon is that seemingly mild attitudes may serve as a                     mask for strong prejudices, even in one&#8217;s own mind.<\/p>\n<p>But then, nothing about attitudes is as it seems, beginning                     with our fundamental conception of them. Our own attitudes                     seem to us to be logical points of view based on knowledge,                     experience, insight, and ideas. We would, of course, concede                     that not all attitudes are so purely rational. Being human,                     we would say that anyone else might hold unreasonable attitudes,                     but never ourselves or those who agree in detail with us.<\/p>\n<p>In fact, however, whether an attitude is your own or your                     worst enemy&#8217;s, it is likely to be equally irrational. A group                     of Scandinavian and American psychologists said as much a                     few years ago when they developed a working definition of                     this confusing word. An attitude, they pronounced, is &#8220;a persistent,                     emotional readiness to think about and behave toward people,                     institutions, social conditions and so on, in a particular                     manner.&#8221; Note the sequence of this scientific choice of language:                     first we have an &#8221; emotional readiness&#8221; to proceed one way                     or another; only then do we proceed.<\/p>\n<p>If questioned on how they go about forming their own points                     of view, most people in western cultures might argue that                     the psychologists have got the order backwards. They would                     say that people first think about a thing, then they develop                     their feelings about it. Whether they approve or disapprove                     of something &#8211; whether they &#8220;like&#8221; it or not &#8211; depends upon                     their considered opinion of it (or of her or him or them).<\/p>\n<p>This view is consistent with the background of a people                     brought up to value intellectual independence. Having been                     conditioned to keep an open mind, we operate on the assumption                     that we arrive at our opinions by observing or discovering                     a body of facts and systematically placing them in logical                     order. We then check the facts and conclusions against independent                     criteria to make sure that we have got things rights.<\/p>\n<p>We may indeed take such a dispassionate approach to questions                     in which we have not emotional stake, but when it comes to                     social attitudes, the impression that we have thought things                     out logically on the basis of verified facts is almost always                     a delusion. Psychological research shows that only a small                     proportion of the so- called information that goes into forming                     attitudes comes from personal observation or fact-gathering.<\/p>\n<p>Attitudes establish a predisposition to think and act a                     certain way by first establishing a set of beliefs that steer                     those thoughts and actions. Beliefs by definition need to                     be objectively true, as long as they are true in the believer&#8217;s                     mind. In the formation of attitude, they are passed along                     within a group, and are subject to both embellishment and                     over-simplification in the process. Often they are sheer myths                     which celebrate a group&#8217;s past glories and perpetuate its                     enmities.<\/p>\n<p>There is an especially high mythological content in the                     attitudes of families and traditional closed communities.                     In the old days, the religious, social and political beliefs                     acquired in the family and homogeneous communities were more                     or less fixed for life. This is still the case in many parts                     of the world, but the coming of pluralism in western societies                     has meant that traditional attitudes may be altered or abandoned.                     Exposure to diverse cultural and intellectual influences has                     caused many otherwise dutiful sons and daughters to refuse                     to go along with the inhibitions and taboos of their native                     groups, particularly in affairs of the heart.<\/p>\n<p>In places where the influence of the family and the traditional                     community has waned, the urge to adopt attitudes has found                     new outlets. Some of the strongest social attitudes in Canada,                     for instance, are regional, generating loyalties which transcend                     ethnic and other social differences. As people go through                     life, they adopt the attitudes of the groups they join: associations,                     labour unions, political parties, corporations and what-have-you.                     When people talk about &#8220;corporate cultures&#8221; and &#8220;party lines,&#8221;                     they are really talking about attitudes.<\/p>\n<p>Our occupations may also affect they way we view the world;                     there are, broadly speaking, a set of farmers&#8217; attitudes,                     artists&#8217; attitudes, physicians&#8217; attitudes, and so on. The                     opinions that arise from these are no less sincere for supporting                     the practical self-interest of the group. We can also adhere                     to the attitudes of groups that are so amorphous that there                     is no formal membership in them. Still, belonging to a particular                     age group or income group can profoundly effect your approach                     to life.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;The race of men, while sheep in credulity, are wolves for                     conformity,&#8221; the biographer Carl Van Doren wrote. People have                     a natural desire to associate with one another. This instinct                     makes them reluctant to assert themselves for fear of being                     excluded from groups. Hence individuals may ignore known facts                     and suppress independent judgment when their groups are discussing                     questions or attitudinal thinking. Experiments have demonstrated                     that group members will change their conclusions to avoid                     disagreeing with the majority even when they know that they                     are right.<\/p>\n<p>But attitudes are more than just a matter of &#8220;like thinking                     alike.&#8221; They are really whole systems of thinking. They determine                     how individuals interpret all the information they receive.                     They act as the sentries of the consciousness, allowing impressions                     that support them to pass in, and rejecting or ignoring impressions                     that do not support them. This selection process can play                     some strange tricks on the mind.<\/p>\n<h3>What makes you blame the governments if lightning strikes your house<\/h3>\n<p>For one thing, it can lead to thinking that is blatantly                     self- contradictory. In a study of attitudes towards ethnic                     groups, for instance, respondents were asked to rank their                     characteristics on a checklist which included the words &#8220;aggressive&#8221;                     and &#8220;cowardly.&#8221; It would, of course, support the negative                     attitude of a person towards a certain group if its members                     had both these undesirable characteristics. Sure enough, some                     people rated certain groups as both cowardly and aggressive,                     totally ignoring the fact that the two traits are logically                     opposed to each other. Their prejudice towards the despised                     group of their choice made them eager to believe anything                     bad about it whether it made sense or not.<\/p>\n<p>Attitudes fine-tune people&#8217;s social antennae, giving them                     a particular sensitivity to the subjects of their preoccupations.                     People heavily committed to an attitude are constantly on                     the look- out for evidence to support it; often enough they                     find it, if only in their own interpretation of events. Attitudes                     can lead to a mild form of mania in which the person holding                     them relates things to them which most people would regard                     as irrelevant. A man who hates the government, for instance,                     will find a way to blame the government if lightning strikes                     his house.<\/p>\n<h3>It is impossible not to have them, and they can be good as well as bad<\/h3>\n<p>In the physical sense of the word, an attitude is the way                     you stand, and where you stand socially affects the way you                     see life around you. For example, a study in the United States                     took groups of management and unionized employees from a cross-section                     of industries and asked them to estimate how much money had                     been lost to the economy from strikes in a year. The management                     people vastly over-estimated the actual figure; the unionized                     people just as vastly under-estimated it. The results demonstrated                     that people will see what their attitudes tell them to see.<\/p>\n<p>They will then proceed to talk themselves into believing                     in what they see, although the facts may stand absolutely                     against it. This self-deception is at its most obvious in                     cults and radical movements of various kinds. The spectacle                     of intelligent people insisting on theories that are demonstrably                     false is a tribute to the incredible power of group pressure                     and brain-washing. As we watch, we more normal and sensible                     people assure ourselves that we would never be as gullible                     as that.<\/p>\n<p>But, in the words of the modern philosopher Rollo May, &#8220;the                     ultimate illusion is the conceit that you are free from illusion.&#8221;                     It is natural to think that attitudes are something that only                     other people have; natural and false. For better or for worse,                     we all have attitudes. It is impossible not to have them.                     And attitudes can be just as good as they can be bad.<\/p>\n<p>But whether an attitude is good or bad, the important thing                     is to recognize it. The opinions that flow from it should                     be identified as the intellectual conditioned reactions they                     are. This applies not only to the opinions of others, but                     to what we think and say in our own right. The question is:                     &#8220;Is this my attitude talking, or is it me?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>How do you recognize the kind of thinking that comes from                     an attitude? Not easily, since it can so smoothly pass itself                     off as reason. The more pronounced attitudes do, however,                     have certain earmarks that give them away. You can be fairly                     sure that you are listening to the authentic voice of an attitude                     when:<\/p>\n<p>It makes everything sound simple. Attitudinal opinions often                     state that there is a single big problem which cries out for                     a single big solution. Simplicity is seductive, which is why                     views of this kind so often meet with unanimous agreement.                     If you find yourself nodding and murmuring assent with everyone                     else in a room, you are probably indulging in an attitude.<\/p>\n<p>It has all the answers. A convinced attitude-holder always                     has plausible pat answers to criticism, and is adept at glossing                     over any weak spots in his arguments. He maintains that his                     point of view is the absolute truth, and discourages the search                   for the evidence on which this truth is supposed to be based.<\/p>\n<h3>We must guard against replacing intolerant old attitudes with intolerant new ones<\/h3>\n<p>It shouts down criticism. Some attitude-holders feel that                     their views are so transcendently right that freedom of speech                     must be suspended out of respect for their rightness. They                     worship sacrosanct icons, and reject as &#8220;unacceptable&#8221; facts                     or opinions that run counter to their beliefs.<\/p>\n<p>It strains credulity. People with reformist attitudes on                     subjects like health and ecology use hair-raising statements                     to whip the apathetic public into line with their causes.                     Millions will die if we do not go along with this point of                     view; we will totally destroy our environment, or some section                     of it, if we do not go along with that. Those making such                     apocalyptic claims have lost their sense of proportion in                     the depths of their attitudes.<\/p>\n<p>It reaches for justification. Attitude-holders will go to                     great &#8211; and sometimes ridiculous &#8211; lengths to give an air                     of legitimacy and fairness to their causes. One of the most                     cherished American attitudes of the 20th century held that                     it was all right to segregate black from white people, and                     to keep blacks in inferior positions. In their arguments against                     desegregation, southern white leaders implied that black people                     rather enjoyed being persecuted; they were happier &#8220;staying                     in their place&#8221; than assuming the full rights of American                     citizenship.<\/p>\n<p>Its speaks of &#8216;them and us.&#8217; Group attitudes often dwell                     on grievances stemming from real or supposed ill-treatment                     by another group. If you hear a lot about what they are doing,                     in particular about what they are doing to us, you are listening                     to an attitude.<\/p>\n<p>The above are just a few of the ways in which you can tell                     when a person&#8217;s opinions have their roots in attitudes. That                     person, don&#8217;t forget, could be you.<\/p>\n<p>But why should you care whether your attitudes are doing                     your thinking for you? Well, one good reason is that, by thinking                     and acting without a fair appraisal of the facts, you might                     be doing people an injury or an injustice. And we should all                     keep in mind that it is in attitudes that such foul states                     of mind as bigotry, racism, vindictiveness and xenophobia                     get their start.<\/p>\n<p>Another reason to check on your attitudes is that they can                     always be improved. Though some would argue the contrary,                     a case can be made for saying that we live in an age in which                     bad old attitudes are steadily being replaced by the good                     new ones. In the western world in recent year, attitudinal                     changes have led the way to greater humanity and equality.                     It was not too long ago, for instance, that popular attitudes                     here in Canada decreed that a physically disabled person could                     never hold a &#8220;normal job.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Even in striving for improvement, however, constant vigilance                     is in order. New attitudes can be just as intolerant as old                     ones, especially when they have overwhelming public support.                     We must be careful that, in doing what the majority attitude                     deems to be the right thing, we do not expose minorities to                     injustice. No matter how unexceptionable they may seem when                     they are adopted, popular attitudes should be regularly re-examined                     to see how they stand up in practice and in the light of emerging                     realities.<\/p>\n<p>The habit of monitoring attitudes, especially your own,                     cannot help but make you a better member of society. Indeed,                     you have a positive duty as a responsible citizen not to accept                     attitudinal thinking at face value; to do your own homework,                     come to your own conclusions, and try as far as possible to                     distinguish truth from falsity.<\/p>\n<p>And as a bonus, doing so can make you into a better and                     more contented private person. &#8220;Of all exercises, there is                     none of such importance, or of so much immediate concern,                     as those which let us into the knowledge of our own nature,&#8221;                     wrote the wise old English bishop, William Warburton. Any                     investigation into our innermost natures must begin with those                     strange phenomena we call our attitudes.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":79,"featured_media":0,"template":"","categories":[1],"rbc_letter_theme":[],"rbc_letter_year":[81],"class_list":["post-4010","rbc_letter","type-rbc_letter","status-publish","hentry","category-uncategorized","rbc_letter_year-81"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vol. 75 No. 3 - May\/June 1994 - A Matter of Attitude - RBC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-75-no-3-may-june-1994-a-matter-of-attitude\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vol. 75 No. 3 - May\/June 1994 - A Matter of Attitude - RBC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Everybody has social attitudes, and everybody is exposed to them in others. 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It is wise to be aware of them, for they can be dangerous things. We should keep a close eye on our attitudes lest they lead us to transgress against our fellows. 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