{"id":3998,"date":"1982-05-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1982-05-01T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-63-no-1-may-june-1982-facing-up-to-death\/"},"modified":"2022-11-27T02:53:32","modified_gmt":"2022-11-27T02:53:32","slug":"vol-63-no-1-may-june-1982-facing-up-to-death","status":"publish","type":"rbc_letter","link":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-63-no-1-may-june-1982-facing-up-to-death\/","title":{"rendered":"Vol. 63, No. 1 &#8211; May\/June 1982 &#8211; Facing Up To Death"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"layout-column-main\">\n<p class=\"boldtext\">Everyone is bound to die, but the subject                     of death is still broached in whispers. Lately, the facts                     of death have been slowly emerging from the shadow of a social                     taboo. That is a healthy development, because it makes people                     think about their own mortality. If we learn how to die, we                     will learn how to live&#8230;<\/p>\n<p> The only certainty in anyone&#8217;s life is that it will end.                     Death is also something that all human beings have in common.                     Considering its inevitability and universality, it is remarkable                     how rarely this dominant fact of nature is ever discussed.<\/p>\n<p>When we do bring ourselves to talk about it, it is usually                     in euphemisms (&#8220;she passed away&#8221;) or in flippant terms that                     trigger nervous laughter. In an age of ruthless frankness,                     dying is one natural function that remains in the shadow of                     a taboo.<\/p>\n<p>It is not as if the subject were unfamiliar. Everyone past                     early childhood has known a relative or friend to die. In                     our mourning, we come face-to-face with the reality that a                     life which has touched our own has ended. But of our own inexorable                     end, we try to think little and say less, except when it is                     clearly in sight.<\/p>\n<p>Our reticence concerning death shows an unwillingness to                     accept the most obvious of all realities. Though this is irrational,                     it is understandable enough. We shy away from the idea of                     death because we dread it. We associate it with the most horrible                     sensations we know &#8211; shedding blood and tears, feeling sick                     and helpless, being in pain.<\/p>\n<p>Our fear of death is compounded by a fear of the unknown.                     Religious belief has much to do with the degree of this. Death                     holds fewer terrors for one who is convinced of a life hereafter                     than for one who is not.<\/p>\n<p>Among believers, however, few are so constantly without                     sin that they can be sure of escaping divine punishment if                     death were to strike without warning. Non-believers who think                     of death as total extinction may feel an awful sense of doom                     when they consider that at any time the door could slam shut                     on their existence for good.<\/p>\n<p>The symbolism of death does nothing to make our approach                     to it more logical. The thought of it brings visions of grinning                     skeletons and spooky graveyards shrouded in mist. Death, and                     our dread of it, is the dramatic core of the adventure thriller,                     the ghost story and the horror movie. The chills which these                     works send up our spines emanate from the ancient air of superstition                     that clings to the subject to this day.<\/p>\n<p>One manifestation of this superstition is that we persist                     in branding death as evil. At the most, death is the result                     of evil acts of violence and destruction &#8211; the result, mark                     you, not the cause. But we see death in general as a bad thing                     because we see life as a <em>good <\/em>thing, a precious gift                     to be guarded. Death is therefore the enemy, to be resisted                     in the spirit of &#8220;never say die.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Lewis Thomas of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer                     Institute in New York City says that modern North Americans                     equate dying with failure. Most people today die in a state                     of physical deterioration (the average life span in Canada                     is over 70) which is far removed from the fit and beautiful                     images of success thrust at us by television, films and magazines.                     To grow away from the youthful ideal of success as we grow                     older is, in the subconscious mass mind, to fail by stages.                     The ultimate failure is to die.<\/p>\n<p>According to Dr. Thomas, we have &#8220;lost our respect&#8221; for                     death: &#8220;We have become ashamed of it, and we try to hide from                     it, and hide away from it.&#8221; Shame of death is nothing new.                     &#8220;Tis the very disgrace and ignominy of our natures, that can                     so disfigure us, that our dearest friends, Wife, and Children,                     stand afraid and start at us,&#8221; wrote the 17th century essayist                     and physician Sir Thomas Browne. What is new is the hiding                     of it and the hiding-away from it. In Browne&#8217;s day, there                     was nothing anti-social about dying. It was a routine and                     very frequent occurrence which took place in full public view.<\/p>\n<h3>Death is out of sight, and that helps us to keep                     it out                     of mind<\/h3>\n<p>Until only three or four generations ago, people usually                     died at home, surrounded by their families. Children then                     witnessed first-hand the realization of the Biblical phrase,<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;a time to live and a time to die.&#8221; There were also those                     who died before their time: infectious diseases, which could                     not be controlled before antibiotics, killed persons of all                     ages. Children who saw their brothers and sisters and cousins                     &#8220;carried off by fever&#8221; grew up with a healthy awareness of                     their own mortality.<\/p>\n<p>Now that most people die in hospitals or nursing homes,                     dying has become a remote, institutionalized phenomenon. It                     is out of sight, and this reinforces our natural inclination                     to keep it out of mind.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Death is a very dull, dreary affair, and my advice to you                     is to have nothing to do with it,&#8221; says a character in a Somerset                     Maugham novel. For the first time in history, people are now                     able to follow that seductive advice up to a point.<\/p>\n<p>Unless there is a war or some other pressing mortal danger,                     most young, healthy people can have &#8220;nothing to do&#8221; with death                     and get away with it. The prospect of their own deaths is                     well-nigh inconceivable. From where they stand on the time                     scale, the average age of death is far, far away.<\/p>\n<p>But as the actuarial odds shorten on a person, it becomes                     folly to try to evade the reach of mortality. Beyond the age                     of 35, as Michel de Montaigne put it, &#8220;one should always have                     one&#8217;s boots on and be ready to go.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>Leading the kind of life that you can leave                   without reproach<\/h3>\n<p>From a practical standpoint, this means having adequate                     life insurance, having planned your estate, and having made                     a proper will that can be easily located. It also means having                     made or dictated your funeral arrangements or other plans                     for the disposal of your body. Many people prepurchase a coffin                     and burial plot. Others arrange for cremation, or sign over                     their remains to medical science.<\/p>\n<p>Such practical precautions are only part of being ready                     for the one event that you can absolutely count on. They will                     bring peace of mind to your survivors, but only by clearing                     your conscience can you achieve the personal peace of mind                     that will allow you to face your own death with equanimity.<\/p>\n<p>Over the ages, there has been no sounder admonishment than                     one written by Sophocles 2,600 years ago: &#8220;Let every man,                     in mankind&#8217;s frailty, consider his last day, and let none                     presume on his good fortune until he finds life, at his death,                     a memory without pain.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>This amounts to a call to live at all times in such a way                     that the only bad feelings you leave behind you are feelings                     of sorrow, which has been described as the price people pay                     for having loved someone who has predeceased them. If people                     were to conduct themselves in this fashion, they would lead                     much more rewarding lives.<\/p>\n<p>The saying that you should live every day as if it were                     your last has often been taken as an invitation to sensuality.                     But if it really were your last day, would you waste it? Or                     would you, in the best sense of the phrase, make up for lost                     time? Would you not use that day to seek spiritual peace,                     to heal old wounds, to repair broken communications? Given                     one last chance, would you not try to leave this world as                     free as possible from reproach?<\/p>\n<p>Pope John XXIII said that any day is a good day to die.                     He obviously spoke as a man who had his spiritual and philosophical                     house in order. To be able to face each day with such confidence                     would be a great relief to most of us, whether death should                     come to us tomorrow or 40 years hence.<\/p>\n<p>Still, human nature being what it is, all but a few of us                     would require more than a day&#8217;s &#8211; much less a moment&#8217;s &#8211; notice.                     It would be more realistic for us to say that any year would                     be a good <em>year <\/em>to die.<\/p>\n<p>Terminally-ill people who have been told that they do not                     have long to live have testified that it is not as hard to                     prepare themselves as they had anticipated. One consolation                     in knowing that death will occur in the near future is that                     it gives dying people time to settle their affairs and to                     be with their families. &#8220;I don&#8217;t want to die quickly,&#8221; a Canadian                     physician declared. &#8220;Too much would be left unsaid.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The well-known Washington columnist Stewart Alsop wrote                     about the last few months of his life in his 1973 memoir <em>Stay                     of Execution<\/em>. An active sportsman and father of six,                     Alsop was stricken with a rare, uncontrollable form of leukemia.                     He feared death, but as he was dying, he found that the strength                     of his fear depended on his current condition. &#8220;For people                     who are sick, to be a bit sicker &#8211; sick unto death itself                     &#8211; holds fewer terrors than for people who feel well,&#8221; he wrote.<\/p>\n<h3>&#8216;The indescribable process of coming to                   terms with death&#8217;<\/h3>\n<p>He described the contrast between the desperate feeling                     that came over him when he was first told that he would die                     soon, and one night much later when &#8220;I was so sick, I felt                     sure that I would die soon, perhaps very soon, within the                     next day or so.&#8221; On the second occasion he kissed his wife                     good night, took a painkiller, and calmly fell asleep.<\/p>\n<p>The difference, he said, was the result of a &#8220;strange, unconscious,                     indescribable process&#8230; the process of adjustment whereby                     one comes to terms with death. A dying man needs to die, as                     a sleepy man needs to sleep, and there comes a time when it                     is wrong, as well as useless, to resist.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>One observation common to people who have recorded the experience                     of being mortally ill is that the closeness of death magnifies                     their appreciation of living. In an article in the <em>Reader&#8217;s                     Digest <\/em>Canadian edition, Jean Cameron tells about rushing                     outdoors so that snow could fall around her. &#8220;As I stood there                     I wondered: <em>Will this be the last time? <\/em>This was                     not a sad experience. It was a joy. I saw those snowflakes                     in a way that I had never really seen them before.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>A Montreal woman who worked as a counsellor to incurable                     cancer patients before she discovered that she also had terminal                     cancer, Miss Cameron noted that the old shrinking attitude                     towards death existed even among co-workers who were accustomed                     to dealing with the dying. &#8220;For many, my role was changing                     &#8211; a colleague was becoming a patient, and sometimes, I felt,                     an embarrassment. This occurred gradually as my disease spread                     and people began to realize that it was now appropriate to                     regard me as &#8216;dying.&#8217; And, just like &#8216;cancer,&#8217; this label                     of &#8216;dying&#8217; brings about a strong reaction &#8211; even in a caring                     staff of experts. One feels that one is set apart.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Writings by people like Cameron and Alsop &#8211; people who know                     what it is like to die &#8211; have lately done much to broaden                     the public outlook on death and dying. Although there remains                     a reluctance to discuss the subject in all frankness, death                     has been emerging from the closet of uncomfortable silence                     which has hidden it for many years.<\/p>\n<p>It is now widely recognized that the more forthright the                     society is about death, the better we can all understand the                     emotional needs of dying persons and their families. Psychiatrist                     Elisabeth K\ufffdbler-Ross was a pioneer in building such understanding.                     In 1966 she interviewed more than 200 terminally-ill patients                     in Chicago who talked freely about how they felt on the threshold                     of death.<\/p>\n<p>Dr. K\ufffdbler-Ross found that few among those interviewed had                     been told that they were soon going to die, and about half                     had not even been informed of the gravity of their illness.                     She concluded that it was a serious mistake to keep people                     in the dark about their condition. It deprived them of a chance                     to summon up their own emotional strengths.<\/p>\n<p>These strengths, it appears, are usually underestimated.                     Said Dr. K\ufffdbler-Ross: &#8220;I have seen people who have been regarded                     as weak and cowards all their lives, and at the very end they                     came through beautifully. They were strong and proud and in                     a peaceful stage of acceptance when they died &#8211; more proud                     and more accepting than they had ever been in their whole                     lives.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Acceptance is the last of five stages of dying identified                     by Dr. K\ufffdbler-Ross and outlined in her 1969 book <em>On Death                     and Dying<\/em>. Broadly, these are: denial (&#8220;no, not me&#8221;),                     anger (&#8220;why me?&#8221;), bargaining (&#8220;give me one more year and                     I&#8217;ll go to church&#8221;), depression (&#8220;yes, it&#8217;s me&#8221;), and acceptance                     (&#8220;yes, it&#8217;s me and I&#8217;m ready&#8221;).<\/p>\n<p>Mixed in with these feelings are changing hopes. Hope does                     not die in a dying person; it telescopes to fit the time available.                     Thus a terminally-ill patient will go from hoping to be cured                     to hoping for a painless and peaceful release. Hope also tends                     to be transferred from the individual to others. People often                     breathe their last with high hopes that their children or                     grandchildren will do well in life.<\/p>\n<h3>The more we talk about it, the sooner we kill                   the myths<\/h3>\n<p>A knowledge of the psychological process of dying is central                     to the philosophy of the hospice movement, which began in                     Great Britain. Incurably-ill hospice patients are encouraged                     to stay at home and lead as normal a life as possible for                     as long as they can. Both at home and on the hospice premises,                     drugs are administered to keep patients &#8220;one step ahead of                     pain.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The Palliative Care Service of the Royal Victoria Hospital                     in Montreal follows hospice principles in a general hospital                     environment. Its methods have been widely adopted in Canada                     and the U.S. While the PCS segregates dying patients from                     others in the hospital, it does not isolate them from their                     families, who are free to be at the bedside at any time around                     the clock. Pets are allowed in for visits. The PCS provides                     home care and follow-up bereavement services. Volunteer workers                     help to comfort the dying, which makes palliative care a community                     concern.<\/p>\n<p>Programs of this kind, designed to see people through to                     their deaths with a minimum of fear and pain, challenge traditional                     attitudes in the medical profession. Physicians are committed                     to sustaining life. With the sophisticated medication and                     technology now available to them, they are able to keep people                     alive for longer than ever before.<\/p>\n<p>Just how long life should be supported has become a subject                     of controversy. It has been argued that doctors should withdraw                     or withhold treatment in cases where all hope of recovery                     is gone. Some people have taken it upon themselves to dictate                     the terms of their deaths by making out &#8220;living wills&#8221; which                     instruct doctors not to treat them if treatment would only                     prolong their dying. Living wills have been recognized in                     &#8220;right-to-die&#8221; legislation in several of the United States.<\/p>\n<p>Dr. Arnold S. Relman, editor of the <em>New England Medical                     Journal<\/em>, has pointed out that right-to-die legislation                     &#8220;inevitably raises the spectre of euthanasia.&#8221; The legislation                     generally favours passive euthanasia, which means letting                     people voluntarily die. Its critics say it is only a short                     step from there to active euthanasia &#8211; mercy killing. Whether                     passive or active, the same question may be asked about euthanasia                     as is asked about capital punishment: What if there is a mistake?<\/p>\n<p>The euthanasia issue will come in for further debate as                     more public attention is paid to death and dying. Now that                     people feel more free than before to talk about death, the                     practical, medical and ethical aspects of it can be effectively                     discussed.<\/p>\n<p>The more that is said about death, the earlier we can remove                     the needlessly terrifying myths and misconceptions that enshroud                     the subject. It is healthy for the whole society to give it                     an airing, if only to instil in people a heightened awareness                     of their own constant vulnerability, and to encourage them                     to act accordingly. The world would be a better place if people                     were to live as if they were ready to die.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":79,"featured_media":0,"template":"","categories":[1],"rbc_letter_theme":[],"rbc_letter_year":[69],"class_list":["post-3998","rbc_letter","type-rbc_letter","status-publish","hentry","category-uncategorized","rbc_letter_year-69"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.4 (Yoast SEO v27.4) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vol. 63, No. 1 - May\/June 1982 - Facing Up To Death - RBC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-63-no-1-may-june-1982-facing-up-to-death\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vol. 63, No. 1 - May\/June 1982 - Facing Up To Death - RBC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Everyone is bound to die, but the subject of death is still broached in whispers. 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