{"id":3979,"date":"1963-05-01T00:00:00","date_gmt":"1963-05-01T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/may-1963-vol-44-no-5-lets-put-words-to-work\/"},"modified":"2022-11-28T01:34:18","modified_gmt":"2022-11-28T01:34:18","slug":"may-1963-vol-44-no-5-lets-put-words-to-work","status":"publish","type":"rbc_letter","link":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/may-1963-vol-44-no-5-lets-put-words-to-work\/","title":{"rendered":"May 1963 &#8211; VOL. 44, NO. 5 &#8211; Let&#8217;s Put Words to Work"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"layout-column-main\">\n<p class=\"boldtext\">Words may be fragile verbal tools,                     dulled by wrong usage and often not readily at hand, but they                     are the only medium by which we may make ourselves understood                     by other people.<\/p>\n<p> They came to us from a slow-moving past, and our faulty                     use of them in this faster-than-sound age has much                     to do with our personal confusion and the disorder in human                     affairs. To discuss putting words to work is not to talk about                     a bookish frill, but about something needed for rational contact                     with the world around us.<\/p>\n<p>Some business letters are sadly down at heel. Some seem                     to say things that do not need saying, in a way that shows                     the writer to have had no interest in saying them. Others                     look all right on the outside, being carefully typed on good                     paper with the proper margins, but they are as indigestible                     as a gaudily iced cake filled with concrete.<\/p>\n<p>These things don&#8217;t matter much to a writer whose loftiest                     notion about his job is to keep the paper flowing. Such a                     man is depriving himself of a great deal. His limp words rob                     him of the pleasure of communicating his thoughts and emotions,                     of attracting admiring attention, of moving people to do what                     he wants them to do.<\/p>\n<p>One of the graces of a rich language like English or French                     is that its words may be put together so as to say the same                     thing in many different ways. There are earthy words, carrying                     weight; airy words as light as soap bubbles; missile-like                     words, speedy and explosive. All of these have magic in them,                     the magic of carrying your meaning weightily, lightly, or                     cracklingly into your reader&#8217;s mind.<\/p>\n<p>Language did not start in a grammar book: it started because                     people wanted to talk with one another. To build it up over                     the centuries has been a grand adventure in which we can still                     join.<\/p>\n<p>We read with delight letters written hundreds of years ago.                     The writers&#8217; painfully labouring goose quilts wrote words                     with meaning and feeling.<\/p>\n<h3>Consider the reader<\/h3>\n<p>Everything we write ( except the occasional pieces we scribble                     just for the joy we find in putting words together ( should                     take account of the reader&#8217;s comfort, interest, and capacity                     to understand. His personality is more important than ours                     in dictating what words we shall use, but our own character,                     mood and purpose must show through. Apply that specification                     to sales letters, answers to complaints, welcomes to new customers                     and shareholders, and even to greetings and compliments, and                     you will find that it is a vital part of good communication.<\/p>\n<p>The words you use will be different if you are writing a                     letter of exactly the same meaning to two persons of widely                     different position and interests: for example, a stockholder                     who has investments in a dozen concerns and a mother who spends                     ten minutes judging the relative value of two pairs of children&#8217;s                     shoes with a price spread of a quarter. But this is a truth                     often obscured by our present passion for form letters and                     the low standard allowed to prevail in business correspondence.<\/p>\n<p>Writing has no purpose save to meet the needs of the reader.                     Before the days of the pony express and airmail, communication                     on this continent was by smoke signal. When the Indian was                     making signals it was he and not the friend with whom he was                     communicating who got smoke in his eyes. Let&#8217;s absorb the                     smog at the point of origin, so that our communications arrive                     crisp and clear.<\/p>\n<p>We must choose our words so that the reader will be sure                     to understand them without waste of time and thought. They                     must tell the necessary facts on the vocabulary level of the                     reader. They must convey to the reader something of the way                     we feel toward him.<\/p>\n<p>Give your letter some immediacy of impact. Get the recipient                     involved. If you talk too much about yourself, your firm or                     your product, you will find yourself talking to yourself.                     Try the dialogue form of composition, which invites the reader,                     whom you assume to be a person of intelligence and breeding,                     to join in the conversation. Don&#8217;t start out by telling him                     what he told you in his last letter: he already knows, or                     he can look up the carbon copy. Begin by telling him something                     new.<\/p>\n<p>Good manners enter into the choice of words, partly because                     they are due in propriety toward the reader and partly because                     his own dignity demands them of the writer.<\/p>\n<p>When a man receives a letter with specific words aimed directly                     at his situation, he knows that some real, live human being                     has taken the trouble to invent sentences to convey a message                     specially to him.<\/p>\n<p>Are the time and trouble involved in this carefulness justified                     in the writer&#8217;s busy day? Look at it this way before answering:                     the only justification of a letter is the crucial five minutes                     when it stands, naked and alone, fighting the busyness and                     clamouring for the attention of the person to whom you addressed                     it.<\/p>\n<p>Your choice of words is of vital value in this confrontation.                     The words need to convey a feeling of interest, a glow of                     friendliness, the assurance of sincerity, and the impression                     that you believe the message to be of sufficient importance                     to warrant the reader&#8217;s attention.<\/p>\n<h3>Don&#8217;t be foggy<\/h3>\n<p>No one can draft an effective circular, write a memorandum,                     frame rules, or dictate a letter unless he has a good sense                     of the fitness of words. You may not be blithe by nature,                     but you cannot be stolid and dull in your writing if you are                     to thrive in this competitive arena.<\/p>\n<p>A fitting word is one that has meaning. It must represent                     the same thing to the reader as to the writer. A private meaning                     has no meaning at all. We recall the airman on a life raft                     in the Pacific who could feel sharks nuzzling his frail craft.                     He read aloud to them from a survival booklet describing how                     seldom sharks attack men. It wasn&#8217;t their language and, in                     fact, it seemed to enrage them.<\/p>\n<p>Words need to be meaningful. We must not think of language                     to the exclusion of ideas. The environment is important (                     the environment of the reader and the environment of your                     proposition ( because it affects the sense of your words.<\/p>\n<p>The secret is to let the meaning choose the word, and not                     the other way about. If you are going to soar into the freedom                     of using a word apart from its customary meaning, at least                     know what that meaning is and estimate the likelihood of your                     reader&#8217;s understanding your modification of it. What do you                     gain, except perhaps a sort of childish amusement, by writing                     in an involved, pompous and tiresome manner?<\/p>\n<p>Words need to be clear. Even if people do not agree with                     you, write so that there may be no doubt about what you are                     saying. To put a thing into appropriate words so that the                     message comes through clearly has the virtue of making it                     seem more real and possible and believable than if you say                     it muddily or smother it under ornament.<\/p>\n<p>Even if you are dealing with an obscure subject, or if you                     are being stormily angry about a fault, or if you are being                     wide-eyed about a pet project: perhaps then more than                     at other times, use language that is not ambiguous.<\/p>\n<p>Words need to be sharp. They must cut through superfluous                     matter to reveal what you wish to convey. Sometimes we feel                     frustrated by our inability to bend a word to express our                     exact thought. It isn&#8217;t enough merely to scowl in vexation:                     find another word or use a phrase.<\/p>\n<p>Every executive knows how annoying indeterminate words can                     be. Business and technical writing is dominated by the fact                     that specific meanings cannot be tampered with. The price                     is so many dollars, the replacement part is number such and                     such, the tolerance allowed is blank thousandths of a millimetre.                     To convey facts like these we must be specific. Generalities                     are acceptable only when they are appropriate.<\/p>\n<h3>Keep the reader awake<\/h3>\n<p>Words need to be vigorous. There is no excuse for having                     a letter come on to the stage with no more liveliness than                     a wet sponge and then slither out listlessly as the &#8220;Yours                     truly&#8221; curtain drops. Use of a virile word occasionally in                     a letter will impart a feeling of your aliveness. Use of active                     sentences will keep your audience awake.<\/p>\n<p>Words need to be strong. Don&#8217;t choose a word for its costume.                     It has to do something, so choose it for its muscle. Bleached-out,                     worn-out words do not make an impression on the mind.<\/p>\n<p>Use strong words like urgent, crisis, fatal, grave, essential,                     and the like, for strong occasions. The inappropriate use                     of strong and long words debases them to the point where they                     no longer serve their purpose. When used on a thin topic,                     heavy words break through. They are as out of place as a driver                     on the green with the golf ball six inches from the hole.<\/p>\n<p>Words should be simple. This is not to say that they should                     be in the primer class. People who demand immediate intelligibility                     without giving thought to what they read cannot hope to go                     far beyond comic strip or cartoon grade.<\/p>\n<p>Writing simple words means expressing meaning as purely,                     clearly, definitely and shortly as possible. Churchill&#8217;s famed                     &#8220;Blood, Sweat and Tears&#8221; would not have sparked the nation                     if &#8220;sweat&#8221; had been dressed up as &#8220;perspiration.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>If there is a whiff of old-fashioned simplicity about                     your writing, that is perhaps a good thing. Consider William                     Harvey&#8217;s <em>Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals<\/em>,                     published in 1628, just eight years after a few of his fellow-Englishmen                     landed on Plymouth Rock. It was a significant book, defying                     the prejudices of several centuries, giving a new direction                     to the study of physiology. The magnitude of the subject might                     have justified the use of big words and bulging phrases. But                     here is how Harvey told his story: &#8220;I began to think whether                     there might not be a motion, as it were, in a circle. Now                     this I afterwards found to be true.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Words need to have rhythm. Whether you look at a landscape                     or at a painting, or listen to a brook or to an orchestra,                     you sense rhythm. There is harmonious flow. There should be                     rhythm in your use of words, too.<\/p>\n<p>Many letters and other pieces of writing are made up of                     what used to be called in newspaper city rooms &#8220;ding dong&#8221;                     sentences. They have a constant chiming of the same structure                     in sentence after sentence, in which object follows predicate                     as surely as the clanging of a bell follows each stroke of                     its clapper.<\/p>\n<p>Rhythm is not poetry but the pleasing movement and variation                     of syllables and phrases. It can be seen in the works of good                     authors of the past and present, and it can be learned from                     them.<\/p>\n<h3>Paint a word picture<\/h3>\n<p>There are three main sources of colour in language, and                     all of them involve words: vividness, activeness and pleasantness.                     The first makes the picture clear, the second makes it lively,                     and the third makes it easy to look at.<\/p>\n<p>Colour words are not words in dress suits, nor tall opaque                     words, nor ornamental words, but words which tell better than                     any others the things the writer wishes to convey. Some good                     words appeal to more senses than that of sight, thereby adding                     to their force or understandability. If you say &#8220;he closed                     the door&#8221; that appeals only to sight; try &#8220;he slammed the                     door&#8221;, which brings hearing into play. To &#8220;weep&#8221; is a visual                     verb; to &#8220;sob&#8221; has sight, hearing and movement.<\/p>\n<p>Aesop Glim, a master copy writer, is quoted as having said                     that the reason for the Chinese slogan &#8220;one picture is worth                     a thousand words&#8221; is that it is so difficult to write a thousand                     words in Chinese. Your words, easier to write than Chinese,                     can become pictures when they are put together so as to call                     forth in the mind of your reader the scene, article or person                     you are writing about. Many a business letter would be improved                     if the writer took care to write about his product, factory                     or purpose as if he had seen and examined them, not merely                     read about them in catalogues or heard about them from fellow                     workers.<\/p>\n<p>Bring down your thoughts from the abstract to the concrete.                     Note how much easier writing is to read when it turns its                     general ideas into physical form.<\/p>\n<p>The Biblical Job does not say that he avoided destruction                     by the narrowest of margins: he says: &#8220;I am escaped with the                     skin of my teeth.&#8221; When Solomon discoursed on the folly of                     excessive rest and relaxation, he put his warning into physical                     form with a reference to &#8220;folding of the hands to sleep.&#8221;                     Horace does not speak of love, but of a particular girl; not                     of the austere life of old Italy but of sons carrying faggots                     in obedience to a stern mother. Shakespeare, in play after                     play, forces you to touch and see, because he chooses concrete                     words. When he has to use an abstract noun, for example &#8220;concealment&#8221;,                     he immediately turns it into a visible worm &#8220;feeding&#8221; on the                     visible bud.<\/p>\n<h3>Use your imagination<\/h3>\n<p>Words can be put together so as to make metaphors, which                     are figures of speech in which the characteristics of one                     person or thing are ascribed to another. Metaphors are used                     to sharpen and extend the reader&#8217;s understanding of a complex                     idea by presenting him with an image drawn from the world                     of sensory experience. Some examples are: the ship plowed                     the sea; the sands of his values are already shifting; he                     attempts to lash himself into the fury he thinks he should                     feel.<\/p>\n<p>By using metaphor, our words can be made to appeal to all                     the senses. They play on colour, form, hearing, smell, touch                     and movement. In adjectives, for example, we can say: a blue                     outlook, a square deal, a ringing challenge, a rosy hope,                     headlong eagerness.<\/p>\n<p>Metaphor should not be made obvious, nor should it consist                     of something incongruous. Consider these examples: a teen-age                     girl describes a school dance as a &#8220;disaster&#8221;, while the bomber                     pilot limping home with a battered plane describes his mission                     as &#8220;quite a ball.&#8221; Avoid, too, the absurdity caused by mixed                     pictures: &#8220;The target was handsomely beaten.&#8221; (One strikes                     a target, beats a carpet.) A large heading in a newspaper                     said that Quebec had approved a bill &#8220;to increase the farm                     loan ceiling.&#8221; (One raises the ceiling, increases benefits.)<\/p>\n<p>Audacity is not the principal feature in good use of words;                     one requires imagination to use them in the right way to get                     the effect desired. Imagination detects the possibility of                     using some word, phrase or metaphor in such a way as to heighten                     interest in what is being said or to make clear something                     that may be obscure. It raises the ordinary events and communications                     of everyday life to a level where they are no longer commonplace.<\/p>\n<p>Use of imagination does not mean that we become freakish.                     The tendency of business is away from all sorts of writing                     capers. A letter that seeks to snare attention by some peculiar                     and unusual layout, or by novel words used for the sake of                     novelty, labels itself the product of a childish mind.<\/p>\n<h3>Use active words<\/h3>\n<p>The most important characteristic of life is movement, and                     we show this in our writing by using active words. Our verbs                     should not be passive, but in vigorous action doing verb work.<\/p>\n<p>Instead of writing &#8220;It was understood from you that shipment                     would be made by March 6th&#8221;, write &#8220;You said you would ship                     by March 6th.&#8221; George Washington didn&#8217;t say about chopping                     down the cherry tree: &#8220;It was performed with a sharp edged                     instrument&#8221;: he said: &#8220;I did it with my little hatchet.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Some people suggest that the desired sense of activity can                     be attained if you will just &#8220;write as you speak,&#8221; but there                     are some differences you need to keep in mind.<\/p>\n<p>It is easier to get an idea across in speech than in writing.                     One reason is that in speech we can stress the right words                     and pause at the right places. In writing, all the words of                     a sentence are printed in ink of equal blackness, separated                     by the same amount of space. If we try to overcome this disadvantage                     by underlining words, capitalizing them, or putting them in                     Italics, we indulge in a lazy device that makes a page look                     ugly and makes reading difficult. The right solution is to                     put the rhythm and emphasis into the words and into sentence                     structure.<\/p>\n<p>We have to be more careful in writing than in speaking because                     our slips show more. There is not a distinctive language for                     speaking and writing, yet words which are in daily conversational                     use are not always suited to writing.<\/p>\n<p>This does not mean that we must construct our letters as                     meticulously as a Swiss watchmaker putting the works together.                     It is possible so to measure and arrange syllables as to construct                     grammatical sentences which nevertheless do not convey our                     meaning. There are no grammatical laws by which we can compose                     Iliads or write effective selling letters.<\/p>\n<p>The practised writer may allow himself a certain old-shoe                     casualness with grammar, so long as his meaning is clear and                     the effect is what he desires. But he should at least know                     the rules, so that he can discriminate between good and bad                     and so that he knows how far it is safe to go from the base.                     Before trying to steal home he will have achieved competence                     in reaching third.<\/p>\n<p>The minimum objective in any writing is to convey meaning,                     but beyond that are the really interesting objectives: precision,                     grace, logic and clearness.<\/p>\n<h3>Alliterate with care<\/h3>\n<p>A device like alliteration must be used cautiously. In abundance,                     it becomes tiresome. Overdone, it interferes with understanding.<\/p>\n<p>Alliteration is a tool which can be used effectively only                     when the reader doesn&#8217;t notice it. It will make effective                     use of alliteration easier to understand if we consider it                     not so much as the repetition of a letter as the echo of a                     sound. Subtle alliteration uses half steps, as in music. The                     alphabet used in shorthand is a good guide to these half steps:                     T and D, L and R, K and hard G, F and V, P and B, M and N.<\/p>\n<p>Repetition of noticeable words is as irritating to a reader                     as is obvious repetition of sound. You can avoid it by enlarging                     your vocabulary, not only in the number of words you have                     at the tip of your pen, but in the diameter of the words so                     that you know the many meanings they have.<\/p>\n<p>The first word that occurs to you may not be the best word.                     It may be very good, but a better may present itself when                     you invite it. Don&#8217;t, however, allow the desire for a perfect                     word to become a passion which interrupts your flow of thought.                     Get your ideas on paper, and then polish up what you have                     written.<\/p>\n<p>Keep a couple of reference books handy for this burnishing.                     One of the most useful, because it is so complete and so easy                     to handle, is <em>A Dictionary of English Synonyms <\/em>by Richard                     Soule, now available in paper covers. A second might be <em>A                     Dictionary of Modern English Usage <\/em>by H. W. Fowler. The                     first gives you a wide selection of words for what you wish                     to say, and the latter, written with gusto for the correct                     and severity for the incorrect, will help you to keep on the                     track of right usage.<\/p>\n<p>It is better, even in a business letter, to have a slight                     odour of the study lamp than to have thoughts presented in                     shabby terms. A letter that is well written flatters the receiver.<\/p>\n<h3>Read what you write<\/h3>\n<p>Even after following all the best precepts in writing your                     piece, there is more to be done. You must read your script                     to ascertain whether the words are the right words, saying                     what you wish to convey, and whether the sentences are equal                     to bearing the strain you ask them to carry.<\/p>\n<p>Ovid, the Roman poet who wrote at the turn of the Christian                     era, was not ashamed to admit this need. He said: &#8220;When I                     re-read I blush, for even I perceive enough that ought                     to be erased, though it was I who wrote the stuff.&#8221; Thomas                     Jefferson spent eighteen days writing and rewriting the Declaration                     of Independence; Victor Hugo made eleven revisions of one                     novel; Voltaire was known to spend a whole night toiling over                     one sentence. Artists, too, make revisions. Leonardo was one                     of the first to welcome painting in oils instead of in water                     colour: he said it allowed of so many afterthoughts, so refined                     a working out of perfection.<\/p>\n<p>There is a happy mean between being content with the first                     thing that comes into your head and the craving for perfection.                     The letter you write need not be excessively polished, but                     it must be workmanlike. Do your writing painstakingly, but                     don&#8217;t let it show.<\/p>\n<p>When a thing is thoroughly well done it often has the air                     of being a miracle. There is no miracle about successful use                     of words: just hard work gathering facts, hard work recalling                     precedent pictures; hard work fitting them into the present                     setting; hard work writing carefully and brightly. In short,                     most successes in writing can be explained by diligent work,                     seasoned by lively imagination and warmed by sincerity.<\/p>\n<p>You should take for granted that everyone who reads what                     you write will look for the best he is capable of appreciating.                     That sets your goal: you cannot rest content with mediocrity                     when excellence is within your reach.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":79,"featured_media":0,"template":"","categories":[1],"rbc_letter_theme":[],"rbc_letter_year":[43],"class_list":["post-3979","rbc_letter","type-rbc_letter","status-publish","hentry","category-uncategorized","rbc_letter_year-43"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>May 1963 - VOL. 44, NO. 5 - Let&#039;s Put Words to Work - RBC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/may-1963-vol-44-no-5-lets-put-words-to-work\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"May 1963 - VOL. 44, NO. 5 - Let&#039;s Put Words to Work - RBC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Words may be fragile verbal tools, dulled by wrong usage and often not readily at hand, but they are the only medium by which we may make ourselves understood by other people. 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