{"id":3809,"date":"1978-01-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"1978-01-01T01:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-59-no-1-january-1978-a-multicultural-society\/"},"modified":"2022-11-28T00:07:33","modified_gmt":"2022-11-28T00:07:33","slug":"vol-59-no-1-january-1978-a-multicultural-society","status":"publish","type":"rbc_letter","link":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-59-no-1-january-1978-a-multicultural-society\/","title":{"rendered":"Vol. 59, No. 1 &#8211; January 1978 &#8211; A Multicultural Society"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"layout-column-main\">\n<p class=\"boldtext\">The nation of minorities called Canada has                     been compared to a mosaic and a flower garden. And indeed                     this remarkable cosmopolitan society offers many rewards.                     Now the time has come to demonstrate the reality behind the                     rhetoric. And to prove that equality and fraternity really                     can exist&#8230;<\/p>\n<p> There is tea from China, shortbread from Scotland, canned                     salsifis from Belgium. There is couscous from Morocco, taco                     pastry from Mexico, feta cheese from Greece. At the meat counter                     you find Polish, German and Italian sausages and beef butchered                     in the French fashion. Delicatessens like this flourish in                     all of the larger cities of Canada, and people of practically                     every racial origin under the sun come to choose among their                     multifarious goods.<\/p>\n<p>Here the richness of Canada&#8217;s multicultural society gleams                     through among the colourfully-packaged foodstuffs from scores                     of nations. These crowded shelves are an unconscious celebration                     of all that Canada has gained by offering a home to people                     from around the world. Canada traditionally has been regarded                     in other nations as an essentially dull place of diligent                     but plodding inhabitants &#8211; grey figures on a grey landscape.                     There may have been some truth to this impression long ago;                     thanks to the zest infused into this country by millions of                     immigrants and their descendants over the years, it is anything                     but true now.<\/p>\n<p>Contemporary Canadians, no matter what their mother tongue,                     are the beneficiaries of a world of cultural inspiration.                     More than they usually realize, they have incorporated the                     ways of other nations into their own way of life. This shows                     in their clothing, housing, furnishings, pastimes, cuisine,                     and attitudes. Nor have they partaken uniformly of the same                     influences; on the contrary, the range of choice is so broad                     and Canadian tastes so diffuse that it is often lamented that                     Canadians have no distinctive national culture of their own.<\/p>\n<p>In a sense, though, this diffusion and amenability to the                     unfamiliar is the Canadian culture. The tradition of absorbing                     the best from various cultural sources goes to Canada&#8217;s roots.                     As a native Indian leader has pointed out, the original Canadians                     formed a multicultural and multilingual society long before                     the first white man ever came to the country. The upper part                     of North America was occupied by tribes as different from                     one another as Swedes are from Corsicans, with all the strains                     in between.<\/p>\n<p>Despite the violence that marred relations between the Indians                     and whites in the early years of European settlement, the                     two groups went ahead and pooled their lore and artifacts.                     From the Indians the French-Canadians learned woodcraft and                     adopted snow-shoes, moccasins and canoes. While they brought                     alcohol and strange diseases to the Indians, the white men                     also brought iron pots and axes, woven fabrics and fire-arms.                     On balance, the intermingling of these contrasting peoples                     may have done more harm than good &#8211; but it did do some good                     nevertheless.<\/p>\n<p>In later years the French and English forged alliances with                     Indian tribes as they battled for control of North America.                     When the war for Canada finally ended, the victorious &#8220;English&#8221;                     (many of whom were actually Gaelic-speaking Scots) joined                     in a marriage of convenience with the Indians and <em>Canadiens                     <\/em>to probe the wilderness and fight off invasions from                     the newly-created United States. An interchange of crafts                     and customs ensued between French- and English-speaking Canadians                     in their common interests. Yet they stayed identifiably different,                     as they are to this day.<\/p>\n<p>The perpetuation of separate French and English identities                     in defiance of historic animosities formed the foundation                     of the great Canadian <em>modus vivendi<\/em>. The principle                     that citizens of different national origins should maintain                     their own ways of life without detracting from their rights                     was enshrined in Canadian political philosophy even before                     the Canadian nation was born. Following the first discussions                     in 1864 among the British North American colonies on the founding                     of the Dominion of Canada, one of the Fathers of Confederation,                     Hector Langevin, explained:<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;In Parliament there will be no question of race, nationality,                     religion or locality&nbsp;&#8230; The basis of action adopted                     by the delegates to the Quebec Conference in preparing the                     resolutions was to do justice to all &#8211; justice to all religions,                     to all nationalities, and to all interests.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The respect for national and religious identities smoothed                     the way for the settlement of large numbers of Scottish, Irish,                     German, Ukrainian, Polish and Scandinavian immigrants to Canada                     in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. While William                     Howard Taft, President of the United States from 1909 to 1913,                     would boast, &#8220;We have taken millions of foreigners into our                     civilization, but we have amalgamated them all, we have made                     them all Americans&#8221;, there was little taste for such thorough-going                     assimilation here. &#8220;We have bred a type,&#8221; Taft jubilated;                     for a variety of reasons, none wholly unselfish, there was                     no great interest in breeding a typical Canadian. Instead,                     Taft&#8217;s contemporary head of government, Sir Wilfrid Laurier,                     echoed a popular sentiment when he compared Canada to a gothic                     cathedral made of marble, oak and granite. &#8220;This is the image                     I would like Canada to become,&#8221; he declared. &#8220;For here I want                     the marble to remain the marble; the granite to remain the                     granite; the oak to remain the oak; and out of all these elements                     I would build a nation great among the nations of the world.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>But if politicians may build nations, they are only upheld                     by the will of ordinary citizens. Had the people of Canada                     allowed their cultural and religious differences to split                     them into hostile factions, Laurier&#8217;s cathedral would have                     collapsed in ruins. That people did not do so in Canada&#8217;s                     pioneering days, when racial discrimination was rife elsewhere,                     seems partly due to the exigencies of the land and its climate.                     In a situation where one&#8217;s survival might well depend on the                     aid of a neighbour regardless of his race or religion, it                     was prudent at least to keep one&#8217;s prejudices to oneself.<\/p>\n<h3>It is difficult to hate for no good reason a man who shares                     a mid-day meal with you after you have both put in a hard                     morning&#8217;s work<\/h3>\n<p>Conditions in the primarily agrarian Canada to which more                     than 3 million immigrants came between the mid-1890s and World                     War I often threw members of different national groups unexpectedly                     together. &#8220;Now the Ukrainians were used to the cold and knew                     how to build good houses, but we didn&#8217;t,&#8221; one of the first                     Black American settlers in northern Alberta recalled recently.                     &#8220;They had a way of plastering their houses with something                     they mixed out of clay and dirt and other things and could                     plaster up a house just as nice as stucco. Sometimes the coloured                     folks would hire the Ukrainians to help with their homes.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Through contact of this kind, the innate barriers of suspicion                     among racial groups were breached. &#8220;Ignorance alone makes                     monsters and bugbears,&#8221; wrote William Hazlitt; &#8220;our actual                     acquaintances are very commonplace people.&#8221; It is difficult                     to hate for no good reason a man who shares a mid-day meal                     with you after you have both put in a hard morning&#8217;s work.                     In an age of intolerance, Canadians came to practise the paradoxical                     brand of selective tolerance typified by Jonathan Swift&#8217;s                     statement: &#8220;Principally I hate and detest that animal called                     man; although I heartily love John, Peter, Thomas and so forth.&#8221;                     There was still much intolerance; yet it is evident there                     was sufficient plain human goodwill to permit a multicultural                     society to germinate.<\/p>\n<p>Its growth over the decades since has not been without its                     difficulties and set-backs. Yet again, at least a sufficiency                     of tolerance has prevailed. As more and more people from more                     and more countries streamed in looking for a new life in the                     years following World War II, a spirit of casual generosity                     overrode intergroup bickering, racial prejudice and recurring                     complaints that immigrants were taking away jobs from Canadians.                     As a result, well over 4 million newcomers from approximately                     100 nations and colonies have settled in Canada in a general                     atmosphere of goodwill since 1945.<\/p>\n<p>This mass influx of people from so many different lands                     has wrought striking changes in Canadian life, mainly for                     the better. The economy and the arts and sciences have been                     strengthened greatly by the contributions of &#8220;new Canadians&#8221;                     from far and wide. They have brought the world to Canada and                     brought Canada into the world by adding a cosmopolitan dimension                     to the outlook of their native-born compatriots. They have                     made the Canadian scene immeasurably brighter as well.<\/p>\n<h3>Can such a loosely-knit patchwork of ethnic groups have                     a common cause?<\/h3>\n<p>The cumulative effect of immigration in the twentieth century                     has been to turn Canada into a nation of minorities. At the                     beginning of the century people of British origin made up                     about 57 per cent of the population &#8211; although it should be                     noted that this group was a composite of English, Scottish,                     American, Irish and Welsh. The 1971 Census showed that, even                     when all these disparate Anglo-Saxons and Celts of different                     religions and tenure in Canada were classed as a single racial                     entity, they comprised less than 45 per cent of the population.                     People of French origin made up the second largest group at                     28.7 per cent; the rest originated in all parts of the world.<\/p>\n<p>This new demographic pattern has presented a challenge to                     Canadians in their quest for unity. Can such a loosely-knit                     patchwork of ethnic groups ever hold together in a common                     cause? Few nations in the world have no homogeneous majority                     or pervasive national culture. Canada is unusual in having                     two official languages, English and French. All this makes                     the nation vulnerable to the forces of parochialism and divisiveness.                     Thus when in 1971 Canada was officially declared a &#8220;multicultural                     society within a bilingual framework&#8221;, Canadians entered into                     an experiment in human relations which tests the goodwill                     of them all.<\/p>\n<p>There can be no turning back to the homogeneity of the American-style                     &#8220;melting pot&#8221;. The desire among cultural groups to assert                     their distinctive identities has only grown stronger in recent                     years. As a result, Canadians are now at the point where they                     must come to terms with their nation&#8217;s multicultural character                     if it is to survive as a cohesive working democracy. That                     great student of democracy, Lord Acton, wrote in 1836, &#8220;A                     State which is incompetent to satisfy different races condemns                     itself; a State which does not include them is destitute of                     the chief basis of self-government.&#8221; How aptly these words                     apply to the case of Canada today.<\/p>\n<p>The policy of official multiculturalism will only succeed                     if there is a full awareness of its inherent dangers. One                     of these has been pointed out forcefully by spokesmen for                     French Canada: that multiculturalism might be employed as                     a trojan horse to promote the English language and English-Canadian                     culture, thereby threatening the status of French-Canadians                     as one of Canada&#8217;s founding peoples, and the survival of the                     French-Canadian way of life. Another is that the policy might                     lock ethnic citizens in their existing social and economic                     positions, reserving the top of the heap for its traditional                     occupants, who are mostly of British origin. Yet another is                     that multiculturalism might be exploited for partisan ends,                     pitting one group against another for the sake of political                     power.<\/p>\n<h3>Canadians, of all people, should appreciate the value of                     tolerance<\/h3>\n<p>Perhaps the greatest danger of all is that the multicultural                     policy could be distorted to further the evils it is designed                     to eliminate. Rosemary Brown, a former British Columbia cabinet                     minister of West Indian birth, has warned: &#8220;Multiculturalism                     should not, and must not, be a situation where ethnic groups                     maintain their cultural identity because they are alienated,                     isolated, oppressed, ostracized, categorized or manipulated                     on account of a particular cultural background.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>In these demanding new circumstances it would be self-defeating                     to pretend, as in the past, that intolerance is an insignificant                     factor in Canadian society. Racial violence lately has reared                     its truly ugly head in Canadian cities which contain large                     numbers of non-white people. While overt racial conflicts                     make headlines, there is ample evidence that covert racial                     discrimination is practised in Canada daily. Certainly intolerance                     on both sides has envenomed the national debate over bilingualism                     and the political future of Quebec.<\/p>\n<p>Yet Canadians, of all people, should appreciate the value                     of tolerance. Their history and their surroundings should                     teach them how little it costs in relation to its rewards.                     The tolerance of ethnic diversity in Canada has led indirectly                     to a tolerance of eccentricities and alternative lifestyles                     &#8211; of &#8220;doing your own thing&#8221;, as the current expression has                     it. A society which tolerates a diversity of cultures is also                     capable of tolerating a diversity of opinion, and so it does                     in Canada.<\/p>\n<h3>It is instructive to consider the elements of intolerance                     run wild<\/h3>\n<p>The consequences of a break-down of tolerance are all too                     obvious. Watching the news from other parts of the world,                     Canadians must find that they are a fortunate few. Northern                     Ireland and Lebanon provide the most recent and conspicuous,                     but not the only, examples of what happens to people when                     intolerance predominates. Many present-day Canadians know                     the oppression and terror of intolerance first-hand, having                     fled from it elsewhere. And lest we forget, more than a million                     Canadians served &#8211; and almost 50,000 died &#8211; in a war to eradicate                     the unspeakable racialist scourge of Nazism not so long ago.                     In this context it is instructive to consider the elements                     of intolerance run wild: jealousy, suspicion, cruelty, ignorance,                     vindictiveness, and a contempt for the dignity of one&#8217;s fellow                     human beings.<\/p>\n<p>Intolerance, then, is an amalgam of the worst of human emotions.                     It should be beneath civilized people; but civilization is                     a fragile state, as the periodic plunges by mankind into barbarism                     still prove. Let no one be deluded that civilization is inviolate                     in Canada. Our national woodwork has at least its share of                     bigots, bullies and related rabble ever-alert for an opportunity                     to come crawling out.<\/p>\n<p>Politicians may erect elaborate institutional structures                     to support the spirit of multicultural tolerance, but again                     it is up to ordinary citizens to uphold it. Government-sponsored                     folk festivals and ethnic conferences are worth little if                     they do not advance the mass public understanding needed to                     sustain the multicultural ideal.<\/p>\n<p>Up to now, Canada has been a nation in which everyone is                     considered equal, but some are more equal than others. For                     many years the picture of Canadian democracy presented by                     governments and educational institutions was something like                     the picture of Dorian Gray &#8211; not to be examined too closely                     for fear of being confronted with the unsightly facts underlying                     the face shown to the world. Canadians of the dominant Anglo-Celtic                     group congratulated themselves for their tolerance while they                     expected members of other ethnic groups to be good sports                     and keep in their subordinate places. The door was opened                     no more than a crack to non-white immigration until only a                     few years ago. The false face has since melted in the heat                     of democratic dissent, and now real injustices must be corrected                     in a spirit of real tolerance. If not, the multicultural society                     could one day turn into a cockpit for multicultural strife.<\/p>\n<p>So the time has come to replace rhetoric with reality. It                     must be made manifest that the remarkable multicultural community                     which has grown up in Canada is not a political mirage; that                     it really does offer the best hope of equality for all concerned.                     To achieve this, individual Canadians must show that they                     are capable of rising above the antagonistic tribalism which                     has always blighted the human condition. They must prove the                     unlikely proposition that there can be unity in diversity.                     In so doing, they may also prove that there are such things                     as enlightenment and human progress left in this world.<\/p>\n<h3>The New Look<\/h3>\n<p><em>With this edition we introduce a modernized version                     of the Monthly Letter, featuring somewhat briefer essays and                     a new typographical design aimed at easier reading. While                     this is a departure from former practice, we intend to maintain                     the traditional high standard of commentary on a wide range                     of subjects which has won the esteem of people the world over.                     We trust that the Monthly Letter will prove to be as useful                     and enjoyable to readers in the future as it has been in the                     past<\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":79,"featured_media":0,"template":"","categories":[1],"rbc_letter_theme":[],"rbc_letter_year":[58],"class_list":["post-3809","rbc_letter","type-rbc_letter","status-publish","hentry","category-uncategorized","rbc_letter_year-58"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vol. 59, No. 1 - January 1978 - A Multicultural Society - RBC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-59-no-1-january-1978-a-multicultural-society\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vol. 59, No. 1 - January 1978 - A Multicultural Society - RBC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"The nation of minorities called Canada has been compared to a mosaic and a flower garden. 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