{"id":3806,"date":"1975-01-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"1975-01-01T01:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-56-no-1-january-1975-about-attaining-your-life-expectancy\/"},"modified":"2022-11-28T00:27:04","modified_gmt":"2022-11-28T00:27:04","slug":"vol-56-no-1-january-1975-about-attaining-your-life-expectancy","status":"publish","type":"rbc_letter","link":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-56-no-1-january-1975-about-attaining-your-life-expectancy\/","title":{"rendered":"Vol. 56, No. 1 &#8211; January 1975 &#8211; About Attaining Your Life Expectancy"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"layout-column-main\">\n<p class=\"boldtext\">Some people enjoy the spice of danger, but                     today&#8217;s dangers are too dangerous to trifle with. It has been                     estimated that there are 350 deaths from needless accidents                     in North America every day. In one year in Canada, accidental                     death claimed 8,480 male citizens and 3,551 female citizens.                     Traffic accidents account for about half this loss of life;                     accidents in the home cause 20 per cent of all accident fatalities.<\/p>\n<p> During almost the whole of the time that mankind has been                     living on this planet his life has been a continual struggle                     to keep himself alive and to rear his young.<\/p>\n<p>The four features contributing toward our hope of living                     long are: physical well-being, emotional control, respect                     for danger, and <em>the desire to live<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Things that we brush off as &#8220;chance occurrences&#8221; are not                     uncaused. Voltaire said that we invented the word &#8220;chance&#8221;                     to express the known effect of unknown causes. To be safe,                     we need to uncover the things and situations that threaten                     our safety and eliminate them or avoid them.<\/p>\n<p>In the big industrial concerns, physical dangers are to                     a great extent guarded; fumes and dust are trapped and sucked                     away; good hygienic standards exist.<\/p>\n<p>Most industrial accidents, generally about 85 per cent,                     are the results of unsafe acts. Devices, however ingenious                     and effective they may be, are futile unless they are used                     by the workers. Having a safety programme is not a guarantee                     of safety, but a means toward safety that must be respected.<\/p>\n<p>Offices, too, have their hazards: slippery stairs and floors;                     open file cabinets; dangling telephone cords and typewriter                     connections; swinging doors, faulty chairs, and cluttered                     aisles.<\/p>\n<p>The key to a good safety programme in workshop or office                     or home is organization. There should be safety standards;                     education and training; warning signals and mechanical protection                     and inspections.<\/p>\n<p>Many associations are at work in the field of business and                     industry to propagate safety: this <em>Monthly Letter <\/em>is                     addressed particularly to homes.<\/p>\n<h3>Causes of accidents<\/h3>\n<p>Among the causes predisposing us to accidents are our emotions,                     worry and anxiety, anger and fatigue. When one&#8217;s brain gets                     out of gear the drive of emotion heads us toward a smash.                     Emotions can block the senses so that we are really &#8220;deafened&#8221;                     or &#8220;blinded&#8221; to possible dangers. They interfere with clear                     thinking.<\/p>\n<p>Being in a bad humour is a dangerous state. A person in                     cheerful, kindly, happy mood is less likely to incur an accident                     than one in a mood of discontent, grief or despair. When we                     are irritated, feeling below par or frustrated, we have to                     be extra careful in everything we do, for these feelings make                     us sitting ducks for accidents.<\/p>\n<p>Irritability may arise from unsatisfied desires or the annoying                     actions of people. A succession of irritations over trifles                     &#8211; and some days seem to be full of them &#8211; may build up a condition                     that makes it impossible to exercise control in an emergency.                     We may drive the car without care, or walk the streets without                     caution, or handle a tool negligently. When we feel an irritation                     nagging at us we should try it out for size: is it big enough                     to justify us in risking our lives?<\/p>\n<p>Boredom, which is essentially a thwarted desire for events,                     and despondency over the course of personal or world affairs,                     invite us to go on a spree of danger-courting. Some people                     believe that the only remedy for these mental upsets is action,                     and the action they take may be hasty and unthinking. Others                     take as their patron saint St. Vitus, and are nervous, high-strung                     and tense. They worry like the centipede which was asked by                     a frog: &#8220;Which of your hundred legs do you move first?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>A person who keeps in good temper is more secure from accidents                     than one who is angry. Anger is not only one of the seven                     deadly sins but one of the unbalancing forces that incline                     us to do dangerous acts. It makes us less ready than usual                     for accuracy of thought, and interferes with our exercise                     of control in an emergency.<\/p>\n<p>We are not only likely to speak harshly when angry, but                     to behave recklessly. When we bruise our shins on a chair                     in a dark room the emotion of anger often instinctively arises                     before reflection shows that the chair was not to blame. Then                     we kick the chair and we hurt our toes.<\/p>\n<p>When the feeling of anger arises, all bodily changes, such                     as scowling, clenching the fists and quickened heartbeat,                     are reflected back upon the mind, lessening its capacity for                     reasonable thought.<\/p>\n<p>Fatigue, another ingredient of accidents, is a device of                     nature to keep us within safe limits. It makes sufficient                     rest of body and mind obligatory.<\/p>\n<h3>A special case &#8211; children<\/h3>\n<p>Children&#8217;s safety is the paramount interest of adults and                     it requires special attention. All the ordinary safety precautions                     apply, but more is needed because children have not the experience                     to make them careful.<\/p>\n<p>It is not possible to protect children from accidents by                     vaccine or toxoids. There are, however, two preventive measures                     that should be used: educate the children and remove all potential                     dangers.<\/p>\n<p>The drill for assuring the safety of children is: (1) remove                     hazards; (2) set a good example; (3) watch and guide the children.<\/p>\n<p>When small children are left in the care of a babysitter,                     a check list should be given the sitter. It will tell where                     to reach the parents; when to give food; telephone numbers                     of doctor, police, fire department, janitor and neighbours.<\/p>\n<p>Having taken the obvious precautions for your child&#8217;s safety,                     do a little extra thinking about what more you can do. In                     case of danger, a cat will remove her kittens, one by one,                     but will always make an extra journey, at whatever hazard,                     to see if there are any more left.<\/p>\n<h3>Use your senses<\/h3>\n<p>Use your senses to detect danger. Your ears will warn you                     that a machine is defective, or improperly adjusted, or needs                     lubrication. Your eyes, when on the alert, will see a potentially                     dangerous obstacle or an object that may fall on you. Your                     sense of smell will warn you about gas or chemical leaks,                     over-heated bearings or smouldering rags. Your sense of touch                     will make you aware of excessive vibration or over-heating.<\/p>\n<p>Your common sense tells you that paying attention to all                     your other senses spells safety. There is no use in having                     your five physical senses awake and in good running order                     if your common sense is asleep.<\/p>\n<p>Some people flirt with death without realizing that they                     are doing so. They do not use their intelligence, the crowning                     glory of mankind. Knowledge and sagacity are the father and                     mother of safety, when they are heeded. Good safety management                     involves clear-sighted ability to detect possible danger;                     it includes recognizing how the various factors &#8211; people,                     environment, machines &#8211; affect one another, and it applies                     this knowledge to an appraisal of what you should do for self-protection.<\/p>\n<p>Your environment is not the wide-open spaces so often referred                     to in connection with air and water pollution. It presses                     close upon you. It is everything around you. It includes the                     clothes you wear, the tools and implements you use, the mechanical                     things in workshop, laundry, and kitchen, and the floors you                     walk on.<\/p>\n<p>When this environment is well known to you, and you move                     circumspectly in it, you are contributing to your safety.                     If you allow it to become disordered, you live under risk                     of an accident.<\/p>\n<p>Good housekeeping in home or factory or office is a safety                     device of importance. A cluttered, messy work area is an invitation                     to trouble, yet some people persist in strewing work surfaces                     and floors with bundles and heaps, spilling greasy substances                     on the floor, scattering tools and materials, and leaving                     heavy objects poised dangerously against walls.<\/p>\n<p>The way to combat this menace is to practise the safe way                     of doing things so that it becomes habitual. Then you will                     automatically avoid dangerous situations. A sensible warning                     was given us in picturesque terms by a philosopher: &#8220;He who                     is not a bird should not camp above abysses.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Accommodate your actions to the nature of your environment.                     Prudence consists in knowing what dangers there are, distinguishing                     the character of possible troubles, and proceeding in such                     a way as to avoid danger.<\/p>\n<p>Patience is an ingredient of safety. Some people are prudent                     and some are impulsive; some can stand waiting and some can                     not. It is desirable to cultivate the ability to wait if it                     should become advisable in the interests of preserving your                     life. A person who habitually acts on impulse is gambling                     with his safety, and often suffers the bitter consequences                     of over-hasty action.<\/p>\n<p>If you are keen and attentive you will know when to be cautious                     and particularly careful. Danger of accident grows under the                     favour of heedlessness, which is apt to be the outcome of                     over-confidence. There was a town in Scotland whose motto                     was: &#8220;Beware when all things are safe.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Accidents are a symptom of inefficiency. Failing to judge                     properly the speed of a car; not reading the label on a medicine                     bottle; neglecting to open the switch before changing a bulb:                     these are errors of omission that cause accidents. A poet                     wrote: if you are going to thrust your hand among thorns,                     wear a leather glove.<\/p>\n<h3>Look ahead: look around<\/h3>\n<p>In an age when government agencies watch and record the                     level of water in rivers and lakes so as to warn people of                     impending flood danger, and keep track of hurricanes from                     the time they are spawned so as to protect life by giving                     storm warnings, there remains an environment of individual                     living where we must set up our own detection and warning                     systems.<\/p>\n<p>Trusting to luck in this area is a poor substitute for planning                     to live. The effort involved in making sure of safety, insofar                     as it can be attained, is a small price to pay. It requires                     only that we make a careful survey to detect dangerous practices                     and places and take suitable measures to eliminate or minimize                     the dangers.<\/p>\n<p>A survey revealed what parts of the home need special attention.                     It showed the percentage of accidents occurring in certain                     areas: dining and kitchen quarters 30; living and sleeping                     quarters 18; porch, yard, etc. 24; stairs 12; bath room 3;                     cellar 3; hallway 2; garage 1.<\/p>\n<p>Go through your home from top to bottom and list every place                     and article that is potentially dangerous. Take note of fire                     hazards, obstacles, electric wires, frayed rugs and torn linoleum,                     slippery floors, loose scatter rugs, and articles hanging                     from the ceiling or leaning against walls.<\/p>\n<p>Use your imaginative foresight in this survey. Just because                     no one has been hurt up to now when he climbed on a rickety                     stool or crossed a slippery floor is not a good reason for                     failing to fix these things so that the accident you can imagine                     happening does not occur. Safety for your family means looking                     ahead and taking preventive measures.<\/p>\n<p>Once a year inspection and positive action in getting rid                     of everything that provides a hazard will give you peace of                     mind.<\/p>\n<h3>Some critical points<\/h3>\n<p>Falls are among the most common causes of death and injury.                     Thousands of people are victims of gravity every year. For                     elderly people falls are often fatal.<\/p>\n<p>Carrying an armful of articles that you cannot see over                     is a sure way to risk your life. It may be possible to &#8220;feel                     your way&#8221; downstairs, but we recall the old song in which                     the refrain was: &#8220;He stepped on a step that wasn&#8217;t there,                     and his day&#8217;s work was done.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Children under five years of age are the victims of falls                     from windows, porches and stairs, in the age group 5 to 14                     years many deaths result from falls in sports and play, from                     trees and roofs and down steep embankments. In the 15 to 64                     age group most falls occur on stairs and steps; many others                     are from ladders and step stools and boxes. For the over 65                     age group, falls on stairs and slippery floors or scatter                     rugs account for most accidents. Poor lighting contributes                     to the frequency of falls.<\/p>\n<p>Outside the house the principal dangers are falls from ladders                     and tripping over branches, hose and toys. There was a bomber                     pilot who survived an 8,000-foot fall in 1944 without a parachute,                     and thirty years later fell over a garden hose and broke his                     leg.<\/p>\n<p>Fires take a big toll of life every year. Statistics show                     that nearly half of all home fires in Canada are caused by                     careless smokers. It is 238 years since Benjamin Franklin                     prepared a paper telling how to avoid starting fires by accident                     or carelessness, but carelessness is still the prime cause                     of home fires.<\/p>\n<p>A tour of inspection in your home may give the appearance                     at a glance of total readiness to deal with a fire: there                     may be a fire extinguisher on every floor; stairways, halls                     and doorways may be clear of obstacles; sand and other dry                     materials may be at hand to deal with electrical fires. But                     there is much else to consider. Does everyone in the house                     know the escape routes, how to handle extinguishers effectively,                     and the telephone number to dial for fire department help?<\/p>\n<p>Approved electrical equipment is safe when installed and                     properly used. All except the most elementary repairs should                     be made by professional electricians. Before fixing anything                     electrical, lock out the power source. Throwing a switch at                     any particular piece of apparatus may not be enough: pull                     the plug or remove the fuse of the circuit or open the master                     switch.<\/p>\n<p>Everyone in a household old enough to understand such things                     should know where to switch off electric power. It is a good                     idea to attach a length of string or rope to the handle of                     the main switch so that it can be reached with ease.<\/p>\n<p>The safety rule prohibiting switches and outlets in the                     bath room is widely disregarded, so particular care is needed.                     Never touch a switch or an outlet when your hands are wet.                     Do not touch an electric appliance and a water pipe or a radiator                     at the same time. It is good practice to keep one hand in                     your pocket or behind you. Do not meddle with electric connections                     when you are barefoot. These are precautions that should be                     made habitual by everyone, however expert he may be. A man                     who was a genius in electronics absentmindedly picked up the                     live end of an electrical connection while barefoot, with                     disastrous results.<\/p>\n<h3>On the streets<\/h3>\n<p>Most violators of traffic laws would maintain that they                     are far from being ignorant of what is right or wrong, but                     many of them have the incurable ignorance of thinking that                     wrong does not matter.<\/p>\n<p>Every time a driver gets into his car he has at the touch                     of his foot the most dangerous weapon he is ever likely to                     handle.<\/p>\n<p>A. G. Wynne Field, A.I.I.C., editor of publications for                     the General Accident (Insurance) Group in Canada, wrote in                     &#8220;Sanctioned Violence and Bad Semantics&#8221;: &#8220;Crashes are not                     accidents: they are caused. Semantically it is time we stopped                     gracing them with the euphemism &#8216;accident&#8217;. Then we could                     start an educational programme to reduce the violence.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Drivers, having learned how to annihilate space, put themselves                     in constant danger of annihilating one another.<\/p>\n<p>It is easy to let the speed needle climb without noticing                     it. An ordinarily cautious driver, on a straight and nearly                     empty highway through monotonous country, did not notice that                     she was travelling at 92 miles per hour until her husband                     drew her attention to the speedometer.<\/p>\n<p>Highway accidents, whether they result in a crushed fender                     or a death, are caused by the ignorance, impatience, carelessness,                     selfishness or aggressiveness of someone.<\/p>\n<p>It would be difficult to find in the history of mankind                     a problem that has been so inefficiently dealt with as that                     of traffic. We can go to the moon, but to get from point to                     point on earth safely is still beyond a guarantee. The shameful                     record of automobile deaths started in New York on September                     13, 1895: today, even twenty or thirty highway fatalities                     in a province over a week-end do not rate front page news                     coverage.<\/p>\n<h3>No 100 per cent safety<\/h3>\n<p>There is no such thing as 100 per cent safety. Here and                     now living means facing built-in accident possibilities. Robert                     Benchley, whose humour centred about the difficulties of the                     average middle-class citizen in contact with the complexities                     of the 20th century social and mechanical life, remarked:                     &#8220;My only solution for the problem of habitual accidents is                     for everybody to stay in bed all day. Even then, there is                     always the chance that you will fall out.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Life cannot be freed from all danger, and if it were it                     would become intolerably tedious. A ship that stays in harbour                     is safe, but that is not what ships are built for. There would                     be small satisfaction for a competent golfer in playing a                     course that was all green, with no fairway, no rough, no traps                     and no hazards.<\/p>\n<p>Absolute safety is a will o&#8217; the wisp, but obvious booby                     traps should, in the name of common sense, be removed.<\/p>\n<p>Fear can be a person&#8217;s best friend. It is a healthy mechanism,                     an alarm bell, a warning of impending danger. It can stir                     one to prepare for the worst while hoping for the best.<\/p>\n<p>Most people have the courage to encounter danger, but do                     not go seeking it. They do not do reckless things to show                     that they are not cowards. They pinpoint what there is to                     be afraid of, and prepare for it. As Churchill remarked: &#8220;It                     is very much better sometimes to have a panic feeling beforehand,                     and then to be quite calm when things happen, than to be extremely                     calm beforehand and to get into a panic when things happen.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>How to play safe<\/h3>\n<p>Canada could become a safer country in which to live if                     every community had a local safety council. This is, in the                     words of the Ontario Department of Transport, &#8220;a group of                     citizens determined to make their community a safer place                     to live in by fighting the scourge of preventable accidents.&#8221;                     The members are representatives of all groups interested in                     the welfare of the community. The council finds out where                     effort is needed, and then takes action to promote it. It                     covers all types of safety promotion &#8211; home, street, water,                     fire and recreation.<\/p>\n<p>Safety Leagues in the provinces make available booklets                     on fire prevention, home safety, traffic safety, and safety                     in industry. St. John Ambulance has prepared a series of training                     films featuring simulated case histories. Workmen&#8217;s Compensation                     Boards from all the provinces contributed to the cost. These                     films, though designed for in-plant training of employees,                     have shown outstanding usefulness in promoting safety measures                     in the employees&#8217; homes.<\/p>\n<p>C. J. Laurin, who has given distinguished service in the                     promotion of safety, published in 1974 his 108-page book entitled                     <em>Help Yourself<\/em>. Mr. Laurin pioneered the St. John                     Ambulance Emergency First Aid Course to make practical the                     teaching of safety-oriented first aid on a very wide scale.                     Supported by the Workmen&#8217;s Compensation Board of Ontario and                     the Industrial Accident Prevention Association, he set up                     a major, world-first, controlled research project to establish                     the relationship between a widespread knowledge of safety-oriented                     first aid and a reduction in the frequency and cost of accidents.                     His book is distributed by the I.A.P.A., 2 Bloor Street East,                     Toronto, Ont.<\/p>\n<p>The Boy Scouts, the Girl Guides, the Wolf Cubs and the Brownies                     all stress safety through skill. Some schools have study periods                     devoted to safety. The police andager to provide instructors                     to address groups on safety measure fire departments of municipalities                     are es.<\/p>\n<h3>Expect to live<\/h3>\n<p>Life expectancy in Canada is 71.4 years for men and 77.3                     years for women, but this does not guarantee that everyone                     will live out that span. If you seek to live that long or                     longer you must avoid the moment&#8217;s carelessness or thoughtlessness                     that can cut you off prematurely. This is something that you                     cannot leave to others. It is strictly personal.<\/p>\n<p>When your inspection of your home and your way of life reveals                     that a dangerous situation or a dangerous habit exists, it                     will not vanish through your turning away from it. It should                     be confronted squarely and dealt with intelligently.<\/p>\n<p>Your safety is made up of little things. Walk a few feet                     to throw a switch, to get a better tool, or to move an obstruction                     from the floor; stand off a few feet to get a good look at                     the apparatus you are going to work on; wait a few seconds                     at the street intersection for the green light or the walk                     signal; get a long, clear view before pulling out to pass                     the car in front, and make your &#8220;turn&#8221; signal.<\/p>\n<p>Your safety is a matter of foresight and the expenditure                     of a few steps or a few seconds. These add to your expectation                     of life.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":79,"featured_media":0,"template":"","categories":[1],"rbc_letter_theme":[],"rbc_letter_year":[55],"class_list":["post-3806","rbc_letter","type-rbc_letter","status-publish","hentry","category-uncategorized","rbc_letter_year-55"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vol. 56, No. 1 - January 1975 - About Attaining Your Life Expectancy - RBC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-56-no-1-january-1975-about-attaining-your-life-expectancy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vol. 56, No. 1 - January 1975 - About Attaining Your Life Expectancy - RBC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Some people enjoy the spice of danger, but today&#8217;s dangers are too dangerous to trifle with. It has been estimated that there are 350 deaths from needless accidents in North America every day. In one year in Canada, accidental death claimed 8,480 male citizens and 3,551 female citizens. Traffic accidents account for about half this [&hellip;]\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:url\" content=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-56-no-1-january-1975-about-attaining-your-life-expectancy\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:site_name\" content=\"RBC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"article:modified_time\" content=\"2022-11-28T00:27:04+00:00\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:card\" content=\"summary_large_image\" \/>\n<meta name=\"twitter:label1\" content=\"Est. reading time\" \/>\n\t<meta name=\"twitter:data1\" content=\"16 minutes\" \/>\n<script type=\"application\/ld+json\" class=\"yoast-schema-graph\">{\"@context\":\"https:\/\/schema.org\",\"@graph\":[{\"@type\":\"WebPage\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-56-no-1-january-1975-about-attaining-your-life-expectancy\/\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-56-no-1-january-1975-about-attaining-your-life-expectancy\/\",\"name\":\"Vol. 56, No. 1 - January 1975 - About Attaining Your Life Expectancy - RBC\",\"isPartOf\":{\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/#website\"},\"datePublished\":\"1975-01-01T01:00:00+00:00\",\"dateModified\":\"2022-11-28T00:27:04+00:00\",\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"ReadAction\",\"target\":[\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-56-no-1-january-1975-about-attaining-your-life-expectancy\/\"]}]},{\"@type\":\"WebSite\",\"@id\":\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/#website\",\"url\":\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/\",\"name\":\"RBC\",\"description\":\"\",\"potentialAction\":[{\"@type\":\"SearchAction\",\"target\":{\"@type\":\"EntryPoint\",\"urlTemplate\":\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/?s={search_term_string}\"},\"query-input\":{\"@type\":\"PropertyValueSpecification\",\"valueRequired\":true,\"valueName\":\"search_term_string\"}}],\"inLanguage\":\"en-US\"}]}<\/script>\n<!-- \/ Yoast SEO Premium plugin. -->","yoast_head_json":{"title":"Vol. 56, No. 1 - January 1975 - About Attaining Your Life Expectancy - RBC","robots":{"index":"index","follow":"follow","max-snippet":"max-snippet:-1","max-image-preview":"max-image-preview:large","max-video-preview":"max-video-preview:-1"},"canonical":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-56-no-1-january-1975-about-attaining-your-life-expectancy\/","og_locale":"en_US","og_type":"article","og_title":"Vol. 56, No. 1 - January 1975 - About Attaining Your Life Expectancy - RBC","og_description":"Some people enjoy the spice of danger, but today&#8217;s dangers are too dangerous to trifle with. It has been estimated that there are 350 deaths from needless accidents in North America every day. In one year in Canada, accidental death claimed 8,480 male citizens and 3,551 female citizens. 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