{"id":3771,"date":"1989-01-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"1989-01-01T01:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-70-no-1-jan-feb-1989-stress-in-perspective\/"},"modified":"2022-11-27T02:31:45","modified_gmt":"2022-11-27T02:31:45","slug":"vol-70-no-1-jan-feb-1989-stress-in-perspective","status":"publish","type":"rbc_letter","link":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-70-no-1-jan-feb-1989-stress-in-perspective\/","title":{"rendered":"Vol. 70 No. 1 &#8211; Jan.\/Feb. 1989 &#8211; Stress in Perspective"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"layout-column-main\">\n<p class=\"boldtext\">Since the only cure for stress                     is death, we should try to understand this force that is always                     within us. To cope with it and turn it to our advantage, we                     must think of others as well as ourselves&#8230;<\/p>\n<p> In engineering terminology, stress is the force exerted                     when one body or part of a body presses, pulls, pushes or                     twists another. It is crucial to construction and mechanics.                     Without it, buildings could not be made to stand, or machines                     to run.<\/p>\n<p>So it is with stress in the more modern sense of the word:                     little if anything could be accomplished without it. But as                     in engineering , the right balance of stresses must be struck                     to achieve the desired creative tension. Too little, and nothing                     holds together; too much, and everything flies apart.<\/p>\n<p>When people think of stress today, they are usually thinking                     of the effects of having more than enough of it. They talk                     about it in the same spirit, and in much the same language,                     as an engineer discussing stress tolerances. They will say                     that they are overloaded , pressed for time, being pushed                     to do too much.<\/p>\n<p>There is, however, a vital difference between stress among                     inanimate and animate things. Among the inanimate, it is produced                     by external pressure. Among the animate, it can be generated                     internally, because living creatures can feel.<\/p>\n<p>The peculiar creature known generically as man can not only                     feel, but speculate and imagine. Thus much of the stress he                     encounters emanates from his own emotions and mind.<\/p>\n<p>Strictly speaking, all stress is internal, since it is the                     reaction of the body to any force that acts on it. It is not,                     as is frequently assumed, the force itself.<\/p>\n<p>The latter is called the &#8220;stressor,&#8221; which evokes a programmed                     reaction within our physical systems. If, for example, the                     temperature suddenly drops, we shiver. If we smell our Sunday                     dinner cooking, we salivate. The cold and the aroma are stressors.                     The shivers and the salivation are stress.<\/p>\n<p>We are under the influence of stressors every minute of                     every day, but we normally only become aware of stress when                     we feel tense and edgy. We are particularly conscious of it                     when we sense that the stressor concerned could do us harm.<\/p>\n<p>According to Dr. Hans Selye, the Austrian-born Montrealer                     who was the great authority on stress, we tend to misuse the                     term in common parlance. &#8220;Any kind of normal activity &#8211; a                     game of chess or even a passionate embrace &#8211; can produce considerable                     stress without causing harmful effects. Damaging or unpleasant                     stress is &#8216;distress, &#8216; &#8221; he wrote.<\/p>\n<p>Distress occurs when we undergo what Walter B. Cannon of                     the Harvard Medical School termed the &#8220;fight or flight response.&#8221;                     In his groundbreaking studies during the 1920s, Dr. Cannon                     noted that, when faced with danger, animals instinctively                     prepare either to stand their ground or run.<\/p>\n<p>Their reaction to potential harm triggers changes within                     their bodies. Hormone production, respiration, the heart rate                     and blood pressure all increase to provide the needed boost                     in energy. Muscles tighten, including in the stomach, which                     is affected by a sudden stoppage in digestion to divert more                     blood to the brain, arms , legs and shoulders. Bowels and                     bladder loosen in preparation for lightening the body for                     running. All the senses go on the alert.<\/p>\n<p>This happens in an animal when there is a clear and present                     threat to his or her life or territory. Man also experiences                     the fight or flight response, and there is a good case for                     saying that without this biological alarm system, he never                     would have survived or progressed. But as human society has                     grown more complex, the reaction has been extended beyond                     direct physical menaces. It now applies not only to the danger                     of death or injury, but to the danger of emotional or material                     loss.<\/p>\n<p>Often there is no stressor in the air at all: it exists                     only as a conjecture about what might happen. Our habit of                     speculating on events makes us prey to anxiety &#8211; the &#8220;anticipatory                     tension or vague dread persisting in the absence of any specific                     threat.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;How much pain the evils cost us that have never happened!&#8221;                     Thomas Jefferson remarked. Yet it is futile to tell people                     in a state of distress not to worry because their fears are                     probably exaggerated. The most we can do is try to see the                     stressor clearly for what it is &#8211; to find out what it consists                     of, and to assess to what extent it is actual or imaginary.                     And perhaps to keep in mind the old joke : &#8220;Don&#8217;t tell me                     that worry does no good. Why, the things I worry about never                     happen!&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Alone among the earth&#8217;s creatures, man has a sense of time,                     and thus of urgency. In the world he has built around himself,                     time and necessity go hand in hand. A waitress has so many                     minutes to set the tables before the lunch-time rush; a truck                     driver so many hours to move a shipment from one place to                     the next; a farmer so many days to get his crop in. Whether                     they are on the board of directors or the cleaning staff,                     workers who fail to meet deadlines put themselves in danger                     of losing their jobs or status. This brings on a fight or                     flight response.<\/p>\n<h3>Man can change his condition, and thus                   control distress<\/h3>\n<p>The man-made world is full of incidental stressors which                     exacerbate the tension we already feel &#8211; noise, crowds, traffic                     and other vexations. The pressure is also heightened by our                     society&#8217;s system of responsibility, which places demands on                     people to worry about what happens to others.<\/p>\n<p>In western countries, at least, conditions are always changing,                     and many of these changes seriously affect our working and                     personal lives. As if that were not enough, the media constantly                     carry news of new troubles and hazards. All this gives rise                     to negative stress.<\/p>\n<p>The presence of too many stressors can keep some people                     in a more or less constant state of fight or flight, and the                     consequences of living in this state can be brutal. Heart                     and arterial disease, strokes, chronic indigestion, stomach                     ulcers and migraine headaches are only some of the more familiar                     ailments associated with distress .<\/p>\n<p>People who try to evade or relieve it let themselves in                     for ancillary conditions such as alcoholism and drug addiction.                     On the psychological side, it can bring about depression and                     paranoia, with side effects like impotence and obesity. A                     few years ago <em> The New York Times <\/em> surveyed a number                     of physicians who reported that up to 80 per cent of all the                     patients they treated suffered from stress-related ills.<\/p>\n<p>Doctors make the point that stress-related ailments do not                     usually stem directly from stress as such. You can take two                     people under the same amount of pressure, and one will be                     healthy while the other is sick. Our accommodation of stress                     depends partly on what type of personalities we have: broadly                     speaking, those who are highly competitive, insecure, materialistic                     and abrasive are more likely to succumb to the effects of                     stress than those who are less prickly. It also depends on                     the kind of lives we lead. In a recent article on the ravages                     of distress in American business, <em> Newsweek <\/em> magazine                     reported: &#8220;Some psychiatrists believe that baby boomers are                     especially vulnerable. They are more mobile, marry later,                     and have fewer children &#8211; all factors that weaken the support                     systems that helped earlier generations cope with stress.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>In every case, however, the question of whether or not stress                     takes a heavy toll on our physical or mental health ultimately                     depends on how we handle it. Of all the characteristics that                     humans have and animals do not, the one that stands out most                     is man&#8217;s ability to do something about his condition. We can                     control our thoughts, feelings and actions. We are thus capable                     of exercising control over the impact on us of stress.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Learn to ignore what you can&#8217;t control and learn to control                     what you can,&#8221; writes Dr. Peter G. Hanson, author of the commendable                     <em> The Joy of Stress<\/em> , a recent best-seller. &#8220;Take an                     active role in your own management; do not be just a passive                     tourist through life.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>When we turn our minds to dealing with stress, however,                     we should be careful to make the distinction between controlling                     it and trying to escape from it. People who believe that they                     can hide away from the pressures of life by &#8220;doing nothing&#8221;                     may find that inactivity is very stressful. People subject                     to stress underload are liable to be wakeful, withdrawn, and                     have poor appetites. If they work, they tend to be accident-prone,                     have a high absentee rate , and lack judgment. What they are                     missing, clearly, is the energizing tension which stress exerts.<\/p>\n<h3>Unfitness is a major source of distress                   in its own right<\/h3>\n<p>Experts in the field speak of a &#8220;stress comfort zone&#8221; in                     which there is neither strain nor slack on a particular person.                     The dimensions of the zone vary with personalities. The threshold                     seems higher for some hardy souls than it is for the majority.                     But on close observation, you may find that these coolheaded                     individuals are able to adapt to pressure better than others                     because of their positive attitudes.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Complete freedom from stress is death,&#8221; Dr. Selye wrote.                     Still, if it cannot be avoided, it can be neutralized and                     even turned to your advantage. Where work is concerned, the                     first step in neutralizing stress is to learn the difference                     between hurry and haste.<\/p>\n<p>Hurry is precipitate and disorderly; haste is calm and methodical.                     A good deal of negative stress could be obviated simply by                     making a routine of having everything in its proper place,                     lined up and ready for any contingency.<\/p>\n<p>In general, any effort to deal with stress will be reinforced                     by considering what steps you can take to make yourself physically                     fitter. Unfitness is a major source of distress in its own                     right. The traditional ways of alleviating tension fly in                     the face of keeping fit: smoking, drinking and perhaps eating                     too much, taking tranquilizers. By merely following a healthful                     diet and exercising a little, you can use physical stress                     to fight mental distress. The first line of defence against                     pressure is the confidence that comes from feeling vibrantly                     alive.<\/p>\n<p>Fighting distress with stress is a standard technique. Athletes                     do it when they &#8220;psyche themselves up&#8221; before a competition.                     In this way, they increase their adrenaline supply so that                     they can perform at peak capacity.<\/p>\n<p>People in time-sensitive jobs such as journalists will deliberately                     hold off until deadlines are staring them in the face on the                     theory that the rush will sharpen their creativity and make                     their work better. Many executives actively court stress by                     loading on work as a spur to higher productivity.<\/p>\n<p>This recognizes the American theologian Tyron Edwards&#8217; view                     that &#8221; there is nothing so elastic as the human mind. Like                     imprisoned steam , the more it is pressed the more it rises                     to meet the pressure.&#8221; To exploit this phenomenon, it is necessary                     to see stress not as a challenge, not a threat.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Don&#8217;t hide from stresses,&#8221; Dr. Hanson exhorts; &#8220;go out                     and challenge new ones. Take the <em> thrill <\/em> from stress,                     but leave the <em> threat <\/em> behind&#8230; See how gratifying                     the unbeatable combination of a properly maintained body and                     a well organized mind can be.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>Defeating self-doubt is the key to                   stress management<\/h3>\n<p>&#8220;I have never known a man who died from overwork, but many                     who have died from doubt,&#8221; wrote Dr. Charles Mayo of the famous                     Mayo Clinic. For the word &#8220;doubt&#8221; we might substitute &#8220;self-doubt.&#8221;                     One of Sigmund Freud&#8217;s most important discoveries was that                     fear of oneself and fear of the outside world are closely                     related, and that they often interact. As the psychologist                     Abraham Maslow has pointed out, we are naturally afraid of                     our own impulses, memories, capacities, potentialities and                     destinies. We tend to transfer such apprehension to real or                     anticipated external events which might test our inner strength.<\/p>\n<p>In the stress management courses now given by many companies                     to enable employees to cope with Stress and turn it to good                     use, heavy emphasis is placed on the self-defeating thought                     patterns which stem from a lack of self-confidence. Writing                     of these in a recent edition of the British magazine <em> Management                     Today<\/em> , management consultant Brian Simpson listed some                     typical examples: &#8220;Selective envy (the grass is always greener                     on the other side}; catastrophic extrapolation, imagining                     that small problems will grow with catastrophic results; homogenizing,                     making a general judgment and systematically misinterpreting                     future events to support that judgment; and projection, basing                     your thoughts on the fatally flawed belief that other people                     think and feel as you do.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>These tendencies may be countered by what is known as &#8220;positive                     re- evaluation.&#8221; For instance, you can put selective envy                     behind you by running over all the reasons why the object                     of your envy might envy <em> you<\/em> . Catastrophic extrapolation                     can be dealt with by working out how you would defeat the                     dragon in your mind should it ever materialize, rather than                     assuming that you are bound to be beaten by it. Homogenization                     can be de-clawed by going over the reasons for your original                     judgment and re-interpreting them from a positive point of                     view.<\/p>\n<p>Simply thinking positively is a great help in accommodating                     stress. It is no accident that the most cheerful characters                     in any group of people are also those who deal with life&#8217;s                     tribulations most effectively. A century before anyone had                     ever heard of occupational stress, Thomas Carlyle wrote: &#8220;Oh,                     give us a man who sings at his work&#8230; Wondrous is the strength                     of cheerfulness, and the power of its endurance &#8211; the cheerful                     man will do more in the same time, do it better, will persevere                     in it longer, than the sad or sullen.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>A philosophy of living according to                   nature&#8217;s plan<\/h3>\n<p>Cheerfulness is not currently in fashion, which perhaps                     is why we hear so much about stress these days. No more, it                     seems, are perky popular songs written urging us to smile,                     to forget our cares and troubles. On the contrary, popular                     culture now appears to promote a psychological regime of fretfulness                     about the state of the world and ourselves.<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps because the literature of stress is so couched in                     jargon, it often fails to get the basic message across that                     you should never take life, or yourself, too seriously. Fate                     has a way of playing jokes on the overly-earnest, and if you                     can&#8217;t take a joke, you make an ideal target for distress.<\/p>\n<p>In a cheerful, positive mind, stress becomes a positive                     force, a source of stimulation and enjoyment. The person who                     knows how to handle it knows enough to regularly exchange                     one form of stress for another: the frustrations of business,                     for instance, for the frustrations of golf.<\/p>\n<p>Diversions are important, because they enable you to go                     back and tackle stressful situations with renewed energy,                     and perhaps overcome them by seeing them in a fresh perspective.                     And, of course , we all need to relax, both physically and                     mentally. The best forms of relaxation are those which compel                     you to put potentially negative stressors temporarily out                     of mind.<\/p>\n<p>Only one form of diversion, however, provides a constant                     and permanent support for the successful management of stress.                     It has to do with the fact that much of the distress that                     afflicts people comes from being too wrapped up in themselves.                     Hence they take too desperate a view of their own problems,                     disappointments and fears.<\/p>\n<p>After a lifetime of studying the medical aspects of stress,                     Dr. Selye concluded that the key to countering distress is                     to develop a philosophy of living which follows with nature&#8217;s                     unbreakable pattern . He labelled his philosophical prescription,                     detailed in his 1974 book <em> Stress Without Distress<\/em>                     , &#8220;altruistic egoism.&#8221; It takes account of the natural law                     that selfishness is central to all existence &#8211; that organisms                     will always look after their own interests first.<\/p>\n<p>Altruistic egoism, he wrote, is &#8220;the selfish hoarding of                     the goodwill, respect, esteem, support and love of our neighbour                     [which ] is the most efficient way to give vent to our pent-up                     energy and to create enjoyable, useful, and beautiful things.&#8221;                     This is done by working to &#8220;earn thy neighbour&#8217;s love.&#8221; Anyone                     practising Selye&#8217;s philosophy will have little time to dwell                     on the strictly self- centred problems that cause distress.                     It does not deny the presence of stress, but channels it into                     creative ways to play one&#8217;s part as a member of society. It                     follows the eternal rule that by helping others, one helps                     oneself, whether in dealing with stress or anything else.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":79,"featured_media":0,"template":"","categories":[1],"rbc_letter_theme":[],"rbc_letter_year":[76],"class_list":["post-3771","rbc_letter","type-rbc_letter","status-publish","hentry","category-uncategorized","rbc_letter_year-76"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vol. 70 No. 1 - Jan.\/Feb. 1989 - Stress in Perspective - RBC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-70-no-1-jan-feb-1989-stress-in-perspective\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vol. 70 No. 1 - Jan.\/Feb. 1989 - Stress in Perspective - RBC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Since the only cure for stress is death, we should try to understand this force that is always within us. 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