{"id":3756,"date":"1976-02-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"1976-02-01T01:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-57-no-2-february-1976-writing-a-report\/"},"modified":"2022-11-28T00:20:50","modified_gmt":"2022-11-28T00:20:50","slug":"vol-57-no-2-february-1976-writing-a-report","status":"publish","type":"rbc_letter","link":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-57-no-2-february-1976-writing-a-report\/","title":{"rendered":"Vol. 57, No. 2 &#8211; February 1976 &#8211; Writing a Report"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"layout-column-main\">\n<p class=\"boldtext\">Most of us find ourselves at some                     time up against the job of writing a report. It may be a business                     report or the report of a meeting; it may be our report as                     secretary of an organization, or an analysis of a situation                     in a factory.<\/p>\n<p> Writing a report need not be the ordeal so many of us fear                     it to be, and sometimes find it. Like so many other things,                     it is not particularly difficult if we break it down into                     small jobs. The purpose of this <em>Monthly Letter <\/em>is to                     show, step by step, how to write a report. All the suggestions                     will not be appropriate to every report, but the principles                     will be generally useful.<\/p>\n<p>We should try to make reports constructive. Instead of threshing                     old straw, or moving in a pedestrian way through an account                     of some convention or meeting, it is much more interesting                     to offer vigorous and thought-provoking interpretations and                     ideas of our own.<\/p>\n<p>To prepare a good report we need to cultivate dependability,                     resourcefulness and patience, and do some hard work. Dr. Ewen                     Cameron says in <em>What Is Life? <\/em>that Mme. Curie combined                     the intellect of a first-rate scientist with the skill of                     a first-rate craftsman and the patience of a first-rate charwoman.                     That is the recipe for holding the interest of listeners and                     readers; it is the only way in which we can discover or rediscover                     great truths and convey them to others.<\/p>\n<p>There are, broadly, two kinds of business reports: the information                     report and the research report.<\/p>\n<p>The information report is to keep an executive up to date                     with events, developments and projects. The research report                     is the outcome of your investigation of phenomena. This may                     be in any branch of human activity, from politics to labour                     relations, from some crank&#8217;s idea about taking electricity                     out of the air to a plan for extending customer use of the                     power already developed.<\/p>\n<p>Any report upon which action may be based, or which may                     influence executives in this or that direction, is an important                     piece of work, and deserves our earnest attention. There is                     no more engrossing job than that of exploring in search of                     material for such a report.<\/p>\n<h3>Before beginning<\/h3>\n<p>Your work starts long before you make a motion toward your                     pen. You must be properly briefed, and that is a joint responsibility                     of you and your boss. You must know exactly what is wanted                     and why it is wanted. Requests for reports should refer to                     definite and limited problems.<\/p>\n<p>This simple working outline will be of help: 1) comprehend                     what you are required to report on; 2) ascertain all possible                     sources of information; 3) decide upon what sources to draw;                     4) gather information and explanations; 5) sift the evidence;                     6) synthesize the acceptable evidence; 7) abstract what is                     to the point and discard the rest; 8) throw what is left into                     report form; 9) summarize your findings.<\/p>\n<p>There are at least four limitations upon research for a                     report; time, staff, money and data. It is important that                     the report writer should do his best within these limitations,                     and his report should note any short-coming because of them.                     If the report is taken from the files years hence, it should                     provide evidence of the difficulties the research man encountered,                     so as to give a realistic starting point for following up                     or modernizing the report.<\/p>\n<p>Economy of effort will be possible to the report writer                     if he keeps a clearly defined purpose in mind, and refuses                     to allow himself to be drawn away by other things, however                     attractive they may be.<\/p>\n<p>Aesop Glim, known to advertising men through his articles                     in <em>Printers&#8217; Ink<\/em>, advises that the problem being stated,                     the person preparing a report should sit down with time to                     make notes of all he knows about the subject. &#8220;Don&#8217;t try to                     skimp and save words,&#8221; he advises. &#8220;Go into detail. Enjoy                     yourself to your heart&#8217;s content in writing sentence after                     sentence. Tell everything you know &#8211; explain the problem fully.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>The objective<\/h3>\n<p>In planning the report, serious thought should be given                     to the need and temperament of the person for whom it is being                     prepared. Some persons want great detail, others will be content                     with deductions; some will want tables and graphs, while others                     will run a mile from a statistic. &#8220;What,&#8221; the report writer                     should ask himself, &#8220;is to be done with what data by whom?&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The kind of report we are considering now &#8211; one that gives                     information on the basis of which an executive may take action                     &#8211; is a sort of diagnosis. It tells what is right and what                     is wrong, and gives an interpretation which serves as the                     executive&#8217;s guide to the remedy, should one be needed.<\/p>\n<p>There are two occasions when recommendations by the report                     writer are in order: when they are requested, and when the                     writer believes that because of his knowledge, experience,                     and other qualities, his voice is worth listening to.<\/p>\n<p>All recommendations are touched with the personality of                     the writer of the report. The wise man will make a distinction                     between his conclusions, based upon the facts he has uncovered,                     and his suggestions, based upon these conclusions. The former                     are actualities, the latter are tinged with the colour of                     his opinions.<\/p>\n<p>If recommendations are made, they should be clear and definite.                     They should tell what to do, who is to do it, where it should                     be done, at what time, and why this is recommended.<\/p>\n<h3>Form of the report<\/h3>\n<p>Writing a report will be much easier if you work out a form,                     or skeleton.<\/p>\n<p>A good plan for the inexperienced report writer is to start                     with a statement in one sentence, setting forth the objective                     of the study which is being reported upon. This will focus                     attention upon the primary purpose. Then follow with main                     and sub-headings, growing out of the sentence and leading                     toward the conclusion.<\/p>\n<p>It is surprising how greatly this plan helps to eliminate                     vagueness, fill in gaps in information and reasoning, and                     keep the writer on the track of competent thinking.<\/p>\n<p>Although it does not hold true in every case, the success                     of many reports may be attributed to a well-written introduction                     or synopsis. If attention of the reader is seized at this                     point, he is likely to proceed into the body of the report                     with an expectant mind. Even when one is sure the report will                     be read, as when the topic is one of particular interest to                     an executive, it still is good practice to provide a summary                     telling what the report is about and what point it makes.                     It should be sharp in its diction, sparing of words, and careful                     to promise no more than is in the report.<\/p>\n<p>When you come to your preliminary outline, it should be                     drafted so as to give you a fairly clear idea of the road                     ahead, enable you to judge what you should stress, and provide                     you with a test of the adequacy of your research.<\/p>\n<p>It is not necessary, in this short mention of the form of                     the report, to go into detail about the appendix, the table                     of contents, the index, and suchlike. These are features which                     are required only in exhaustive and lengthy reports, and they                     fall into place quite naturally when their use is indicated.<\/p>\n<h3>Chronological reports and research<\/h3>\n<p>The person who writes a report which records happenings                     in the order of their time sequence must bear in mind that                     events sometimes follow one another in successive points of                     time without tending toward an end. He needs to look out for                     cause-and-effect relationship. His report should tell origin,                     history, and development. It should bring out what is the                     focal point, the turning point, the key event that marks a                     change or indicates the need for a change.<\/p>\n<p>Many a chronological report is only a collection of episodes;                     merely the starting place for research. Nothing much that                     is useful will flow from our work until we start asking questions                     and finding answers.<\/p>\n<p>This leads us into consideration of the analytical report,                     which starts off with the idea that there is a problem to                     be solved, and marches toward definite conclusions. It is                     not a mere collection of data; it gathers facts for and against                     the proposal being studied, and then goes on to assess them                     by comparison and testing.<\/p>\n<p>The person embarking upon preparation of such a report has                     need of an open mind. His is a quest for truth, unbiased,                     unprejudiced and clear-headed. He will not suspend his research                     until it has reached the point where the returns from the                     investigation have ceased to be really important. He will                     modify his way of thinking as he goes along, if necessary,                     to fit the new thoughts born of his study.<\/p>\n<p>There can be no more illustrious purpose than that of the                     research man: To find the truth no matter how obscure; to                     recognize it no matter in what strange form it may present                     itself; to formulate it honestly; to state it unmistakably;                     and to reason from it remorselessly and without regard to                     prejudice.<\/p>\n<p>Business research is of many kinds. It may be designed to                     solve a merchandising or production or distribution problem;                     it may be called upon to find ways of effecting economies;                     it may be done in response to management&#8217;s desire to anticipate                     trade developments within the industry, shifts in the economy                     of the country, or progress in technology.<\/p>\n<p>Its leading questions are: what is true? what is best? what                     is necessary? how do we do it? A good test question, to be                     used when the others have been answered, is: if I do that,                     then what happens?<\/p>\n<p>The writer of a report can be sure he has done a good job                     if he is confident that he has analysed more profoundly than                     others the problem put before him; that he has achieved an                     original focus of facts toward a desired purpose; that he                     has supplied, in his report, alternative courses of action,                     the foreseeable consequences of which he has fully thought                     out; and that he has provided not only a well-written report                     but a solid block of knowledge on which to build.<\/p>\n<p>Not much need be said about the various kinds of analytic                     reports except just to name them. The case study, while incomplete                     in itself because no conclusions can be drawn from one case,                     is useful as part of a larger project. It can be enlightening,                     and because of the narrowness of its field it can be thorough.                     The genetic study traces the development of its subject, stressing                     the causal sequence of events. The comparative method involves                     bringing together significant facts. Its chief impediment                     seems to lie in the danger of bias attending selection of                     the facts to be compared, and the perplexity of discriminating                     wisely.<\/p>\n<p>Much of abiding value may be learned by report writers and                     research men who study military &#8220;appreciations.&#8221; These follow                     logical sequence:<\/p>\n<p>The object to be attained<\/p>\n<p>Factors which affect attainment of the object<\/p>\n<p>Courses open toA &#8211; our own sideB &#8211; the enemy<\/p>\n<p>The plan.<\/p>\n<p>The factors relevant to a military situation do not all                     apply in industrial or social life, but the thorough analysis                     of the problem demanded by the military people is suggestive                     for all who write reports.<\/p>\n<h3>Sources of information<\/h3>\n<p>Collecting information is the foundation of all good reporting.                     Thomas Edison gave this advice: &#8220;The first thing is to find                     out everything everybody else knows, and then begin where                     they left off.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>While every problem will have its peculiar requirements,                     certain sources of data are common to nearly all: observation,                     experimentation, books, questionnaires, interviews, workshop                     and accounting records. The successful writer will be resourceful                     in his research activities, thinking of new approaches and                     seeking data overlooked hitherto.<\/p>\n<p>Data may be primary or secondary. Just as in law the evidence                     of an eye-witness is more valuable than that of a person who                     testifies at second-hand, so in business and other reports                     the fruits of observation and experimentation rate high marks.                     He is a wise report writer who applies, whenever possible,                     observation and experimentation to check the findings of others;                     he is likely to remain unremarkable for his work if he merely                     echoes the opinions of others, believes things because others                     believe them, and uses only books and papers with which he                     is in complete accord.<\/p>\n<p>Secondary sources depend for their value upon their accuracy,                     their acuteness of valuation, the validity of their reasoning,                     and the applicability of their conclusions to the case being                     studied.<\/p>\n<p>No statement is more reliable than its source. The report                     writer must spend long hours in gathering facts, arranging                     them, interpreting them, &#8211; and then as much time again in                     checking the accuracy and worthwhileness of what he has in                     his hand. It is useless to quote a writer unless he is known                     to be competent in his field. It is dangerous to give the                     opinion of a man unless he is recognized as being unbiased,                     up-to-date and in all respects reliable.<\/p>\n<h3>Writing the report<\/h3>\n<p>Having gathered the facts and laid them out in order, we                     must compose our report.<\/p>\n<p>This is a time when a writer wishes to be alone. John Ruskin                     had circulars which he used to head off visitors, invitations                     and letters. They read like this: &#8220;Mr. J. Ruskin is about                     to begin a work of great importance and therefore begs that                     in reference to calls and correspondence you will consider                     him dead for the next two months.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Literary skill, in whatever field it is exercised, means                     ability to present a subject as accurately and as vividly                     as possible. We should at least write our reports as if we                     were interested in what we are trying to write, and when we                     do so we have gone a long way toward giving our reports significance.<\/p>\n<p>The report writer needs to analyse, and group, and marshal                     his facts into order. He must classify and conquer the elements                     of the chaos around him before he can hope to appeal with                     any force to the intelligence of other people. In this process                     of viewing the whole situation and at the same time seeing                     its components, the writer will detect incongruities to avoid                     and discern a path to follow.<\/p>\n<p>These are skills which come only, so far as we know, with                     practice, but there are some hints about the process of writing                     which apply in all circumstances.<\/p>\n<p><em>The report must be practical<\/em>. We have a loose way                     of thinking of a realist as one who not only sees things as                     they are materially, but acquiesces in them: let us rather,                     as report writers, consider ourselves as being realists in                     the sense that we understand things as we have found them,                     not as we would find it convenient to believe them.<\/p>\n<p><em>The report must be complete<\/em>. We must have walked                     all around the matter about which we are reporting, seeing                     the good and the bad, the perfect and the imperfect, the desirable                     and the undesirable. We must have provided adequate proof                     for our favourable and our unfavourable findings. Do not be                     content with one opinion: it may be the wrong one. As Cicero                     once pointed out, nothing is so absurd that someone has not                     called it profound; nothing so profound that someone has not                     called it absurd.<\/p>\n<p><em>The report must be concise<\/em>. It may be as long as                     a roller towel, or as short as a message on a postcard: length                     is not the criterion. Conciseness does not consist in using                     few words, but in covering the subject in the fewest possible                     words that will express what is in the writer&#8217;s mind.<\/p>\n<p>Here is the story of Homer&#8217;s <em>Odyssey <\/em>in 79 words:                     &#8220;A certain man is away from home for a number of years, being                     closely watched by Poseidon and stripped of all his companions,                     while his affairs at home are in such shape that his money                     is being squandered by wooers of his wife, and his son is                     being plotted against. After being shipwrecked by a storm,                     he arrives home, makes himself known to some, and attacks                     the wooers, with the result that he is saved and his enemies                     destroyed.&#8221; In giving us this gem of condensation in his <em>Poetics<\/em>,                     Aristotle remarks: &#8220;That is the real story of the <em>Odyssey<\/em>.                     The rest is episodes.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>We recall Prime Minister Winston Churchill&#8217;s wartime memoranda,                     demanding that his cabinet ministers confine their reports                     on the most momentous matters to a single page. &#8220;It is,&#8221; he                     told the Secretary of State for Foreign Affairs, &#8220;sheer laziness                     not compressing thought into a reasonable space.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p><em>The report must be clear<\/em>. Only the careful organization                     of facts and interpretation will enable the reader to follow                     what is to the writer a clear-cut line of reasoning. The art                     of good prose resides not so much in the swing and balance                     of the language as in the marshalling of argument, the orderly                     procession of ideas, the disposition of parts so that each                     finds its proper place. The writer misses his target if the                     idea in his mind is not received with understanding. As Alice                     said after reading <em>Jabberwocky<\/em>: &#8220;Somehow it seems to                     fill my head with ideas &#8211; only I don&#8217;t exactly know what they                     are.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Use of trite expressions shows that the writer is in a rut.                     If he has no imagination in his language is it likely, the                     executive will ask, that he exercised any imagination in his                     analysis of this problem?<\/p>\n<p>There is no place in good writing for proverbs, saws, and                     tinkling aphorisms.<\/p>\n<p>Foggy language detracts from the force of writing, and use                     of words loosely may well vitiate all usefulness that might                     have been incorporated in a report. We say nothing against                     trade, occupational or professional jargon so long as the                     report is solely for people who are on speaking terms with                     it. That sort of talk is not infrequently the only kind in                     which a writer can convey the true meaning of his thought                     to a particular audience. But jargon has no place in reports                     which may be read by the uninitiated.<\/p>\n<p><em>The report must be intellectually honest<\/em>. The facts                     must be scrupulously weighed and properly evaluated, and the                     writer must sincerely attempt to present something that has                     a judicial quality. He will draw a distinct line between what                     he has found to be factual, what is his opinion, and what                     he sets up as a hypothesis.<\/p>\n<p><em>The report must be readable<\/em>. We cannot afford to                     assume that our report will be read because the boss is interested                     in the subject. We should try to add to the clarity of our                     presentation something that will lift it above the ordinary.<\/p>\n<p>There may be an ivory-tower disposition toward decorum,                     leading us to think that research requires a depersonalized                     manner of writing. The truth is that nothing written is useful                     unless it is attractive enough to be read. We are entitled                     to be as brilliant and interesting as we can be, so long as                     we observe the requirements of correctness, relevance and                     the objective.<\/p>\n<h3>And having written:<\/h3>\n<p>Having written it, the writer would be well-advised to forget                     about his report for as long as time permits. If he tries                     to make corrections and improvements as soon as he has finished                     the writing, his memory of what he meant to write may be so                     strong that he will overlook the short-coming of what he actually                     wrote.<\/p>\n<p>Here are some questions to ask at the time of revision:                     is my report fair, broad-minded and dignified? Have I used                     enough imagination in presenting the facts? Have I answered                     all the pertinent questions likely to arise in the reader&#8217;s                     mind? Does my report read as if a human being wrote it?<\/p>\n<p>It is well to read the report aloud: if it is easy to read                     you may bank upon its being easy to understand. If you hesitate                     over a word, a phrase or a sentence, take a second look.<\/p>\n<p>The writer who achieves distinction of expression, conciseness,                     directness &#8211; and, if the nature of his work permits it, dramatic                     quality, beauty of rhythm, and some adventurousness of phrase                     and idea &#8211; has not done something miraculous. He has worked                     hard and intelligently.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":79,"featured_media":0,"template":"","categories":[1],"rbc_letter_theme":[],"rbc_letter_year":[56],"class_list":["post-3756","rbc_letter","type-rbc_letter","status-publish","hentry","category-uncategorized","rbc_letter_year-56"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Vol. 57, No. 2 - February 1976 - Writing a Report - RBC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/vol-57-no-2-february-1976-writing-a-report\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"Vol. 57, No. 2 - February 1976 - Writing a Report - RBC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Most of us find ourselves at some time up against the job of writing a report. 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