{"id":3621,"date":"1952-04-01T01:00:00","date_gmt":"1952-04-01T01:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/april-1952-vol-33-no-4-on-finding-words\/"},"modified":"2022-11-28T13:46:42","modified_gmt":"2022-11-28T13:46:42","slug":"april-1952-vol-33-no-4-on-finding-words","status":"publish","type":"rbc_letter","link":"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/april-1952-vol-33-no-4-on-finding-words\/","title":{"rendered":"April 1952 &#8211; Vol. 33, No. 4 &#8211; On Finding Words"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id=\"layout-column-main\">\n<p class=\"boldtext\"> Words can work wonders that benefit all                     mankind; they can create untold wickedness; they can be &#8220;wild                     and whirling&#8221;, clear and shining, or flat and dull. Words                     are our obedient servants to be used as we will.<\/p>\n<p>We, in this Monthly Letter, are interested principally in                     the use of words in business and for everyday purposes, but                     they have far greater significance than that.<\/p>\n<p>Such uplifting words as &#8220;I am the Light of the World&#8221; have                     inspired countless millions with unfaltering faith and hope;                     the calculated and inflaming words of demagogues and dictators                     have hurled nations and people into darkness and disaster.<\/p>\n<p>Do we fully realize the importance, the strength and the                     beauty of the world of words lying open to us?<\/p>\n<p>The time we live in is referred to as the Atomic Age, but                     we who live in it can rightly, call it the Verbal Age. Few                     of us can escape the ever-increasing stream of spoken                     and written words pouring from our radios, books, newspapers,                     correspondence and public platforms. We are so immersed in                     words that often we feel like the drowning man going down                     for the third time &#8211; we feel as if we were sinking in a whirlpool                     of words.<\/p>\n<p>Let us defy tradition and come up again, and take a clear,                     calm look at all this verbiage.<\/p>\n<h3>Our Unique Heritage<\/h3>\n<p>It is language that sets us off most sharply from the higher                     animals. Without language we should be as dogs or monkeys,                     and because we possess it we are human beings, capable of                     good and evil and outstanding intellectual achievements. Or,                     for its lack, we may be dismally stupid. For better and for                     worse, words make us the men and women we are. Words are the                     stones out of which we built our civilization.<\/p>\n<p>Gifted with language we, the ordinary people, make language,                     for language is nothing if not democratic. Scholars and men                     of learning enrich and cultivate it, but it is from the common                     soil that language derives its strength, nourishment and vigour.                     With our need for expression of new ideas language grows,                     and new systems of thought and new ways of living originate                     new words and phrases.<\/p>\n<p>As was so well said by Walt Whitman, language is not &#8220;an                     abstract construction of the learned, or of dictionary makers,                     but is something arising out of the work, needs, ties, joys,                     affections, tastes, of long generations of humanity, and has                     its bases broad and low, close to the ground.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Since we, the people, are the possessors and makers of language                     we must look upon ourselves as inheritors of its glorious                     past, custodians of its present and guardians of its future.                     And we must use it well.<\/p>\n<p>If we are truly conscious of our opportunity in this matter                     of language, we are better fitted to beautify and strengthen                     it. A writer of the last century said that language is the                     amber in which a thousand precious and subtle thoughts have                     been safely embedded and preserved, and that it has arrested                     ten thousand lightning flashes of genius, which, unless thus                     fixed and arrested, might have been as bright but would have                     passed and perished as quickly as the lightning.<\/p>\n<p>Why do we talk or write? The purposes are many. We wish                     to describe objects and events, to express moods, to persuade,                     to please, to exhort, to explain, to make small talk, and                     often to lessen loneliness. And over all these lies the main                     reason for all other talking and writing &#8211; to transmit the                     ideas from our own minds to the minds of others.<\/p>\n<h3>Thoughts are Words<\/h3>\n<p>We need words even to communicate with ourselves. Simple                     thoughts such as deciding what to have for dinner, whether                     to buy the red or the gray hat, or whether to walk or take                     a tram, are formulated <em>by <\/em>yourself <em>to <\/em>yourself                     in some arrangement of words. Every writer or speaker who                     ever invented a new word had to explain its meaning by means                     of other words which people already knew and understood.<\/p>\n<p>Communication is the vital chain between ourselves and our                     neighbours, our business associates, the people living in                     the next town, the next province, the next country and on                     the other side of the world. Words, spoken and written, are                     the golden links in that chain.<\/p>\n<p>The cardinal principle of good communication is understanding.                     There is no satisfaction or accomplishment or, to be materialistic,                     gain, in meaningless and muffled words given out into unreceptive                     and uncomprehending air.<\/p>\n<p>Here lies our main responsibility as a speaker or a writer.                     If our communication is open to more than one interpretation,                     or allows the listener or reader to say to himself, &#8220;What                     does he mean?&#8221; then we, at the transmitting end, have failed.<\/p>\n<p>That a man will respond to some words while remaining indifferent                     to others is a well-known fact that influences all human                     affairs. The power of words is bound up with the images they                     evoke, and is not dependent on their dictionary meaning.<\/p>\n<p>It is impossible for two persons ever to have learned the                     same word under precisely the same circumstances, at the same                     time, and with the same background of experience. Just as                     one person can never <em>be <\/em>another person, no matter                     how closely he is bound to him mentally, physically and spiritually,                     so with words.<\/p>\n<p>Even such a simple word as &#8220;home&#8221; conjures up quite different                     pictures to different people, although the basic meaning is                     the same. Each person takes the word into his conscious mind                     ringed around with his own special and personal associations.                     For this reason, says Smart Chase in his book<em>, The Tyranny                     of Words<\/em>, a student of Greek and Latin classics can never                     get more than a part of their meaning, for he can never personally                     live through experiences of the culture that fashioned them.<\/p>\n<h3>Our Opportunity<\/h3>\n<p>Herein lies opportunity for the business man, the social                     correspondent, the public speaker, and the person who aspires                     to be accounted a good conversationalist. Their attention                     needs to be devoted to choosing words which convey accurately                     and vividly to the minds of others what is in their own minds.<\/p>\n<p>To transmit what we have to say effectively we need, above                     all, to remember our audience. There is the important part                     of the interchange.<\/p>\n<p>To reach our readers we must write with them in mind, in                     words <em>they <\/em>know and understand, in language that                     means something to <em>them<\/em>. If we are unable to do so                     it would be better if we laid aside our pens.<\/p>\n<p>In the writing of business letters, for instance, it is                     essential that we study our market, the people who make it                     up, their likes and dislikes, their desires and demands &#8211;                     and then write to them in the words they want, in phrases                     they understand. As in so many other acts of unselfishness,                     this sublimation of self reaps rewards.<\/p>\n<p>Keeping the reader firmly in mind, and with his interests                     at heart, how best can we appeal to him?<\/p>\n<p>The heavenly twins of better communication could well be                     named Simplicity and Clarity. They have been called the art                     of arts, the glory of expression, and the sunshine of the                     light of letters. Often before in these Monthly Letters we                     have pleaded their cause.<\/p>\n<p>Clear, straight thinking must be behind the words we use.                     If you understand the proposition well, then your natural                     tendency will be to explain it in understandable terms. Thinking                     and wording cannot be dealt with separately, for they are                     cause and effect.<\/p>\n<p>A man must analyze, group, marshal into order and define                     his thoughts before they can appeal with any force to his                     intelligence, or be used by him so as to appeal to the intelligence                     of others.<\/p>\n<h3>Not Easy: but Worth While<\/h3>\n<p>To reach our readers, to maintain their attention and influence                     them favourably, we would do well to describe and suggest                     concrete, not abstract things. In the field of business writing,                     our words should always make it easy for the reader to picture                     the proposition, service or article, and its advantages and                     benefits.<\/p>\n<p>To express one&#8217;s thoughts accurately is not easy. To be                     precise may sometimes appear to be dangerous, and we may be                     tempted to prefer the safer obscurity of the abstract. But                     abstract words are more open to misunderstanding than concrete                     ones, and if we want to make our meaning plain we will avoid                     them.<\/p>\n<p>&#8220;Thou canst not adorn simplicity&#8221;, said Epictetus about                     2,000 years ago, and it is still a fundamental truth.<\/p>\n<p>Some people think that obscurity of expression is a sign                     of learning and lofty intellect. Gilbert and Sullivan satirized                     this attitude in their light opera, <em>Patience<\/em>, when                     they had Reginald Bunthorne sing: &#8220;If this deep young man                     expresses himself in terms too deep for me; Why, what a very                     singularly deep young man, this deep young man must be!&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The conviction that long words, which also aid and abet                     obscurity, make for learning and enhance our prestige is deeply                     ingrained in our culture, says an article in <em>Scientific                     Monthly<\/em>. Most of us remember Hans Christian Andersen&#8217;s                     charming fairy tale of the artificial nightingale, who bore                     the grand title: &#8220;Chief Imperial Singer of the Bedchamber&#8221;,                     and the music master who wrote five and twenty volumes about                     the counterfeit bird&#8230;&#8221; in all the most difficult Chinese                     characters. Everybody said they had read and understood it,                     for otherwise they would have been reckoned stupid.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>What are &#8220;Good&#8221; Words?<\/h3>\n<p>A struggle for life is constantly going on among the words                     and grammatical forms of a language. In the battle between                     short and long words the former seem to be winning, and this                     is a healthy sign.<\/p>\n<p>But although wise men throughout the ages, from Aristotle                     to Winston Churchill, have emphasized the use of short and                     simple words, we should not shun all long words completely,                     says Sir Ernest Gowers in his valuable (and inexpensive) little                     book, <em>ABC of Plain Words<\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>If the choice is between two words that convey the writer&#8217;s                     meaning equally well, one short and familiar and the other                     long and unusual, of course the short and familiar should                     be preferred.<\/p>\n<p>Sir Ernest goes on to point out that Mr. Churchill, an outstanding                     master of words, does not hesitate to use such a word as &#8220;liquidate&#8221;                     rather than the simpler &#8220;destroy&#8221;, if he thinks that the less                     common word will be more effective in transferring what is                     in his mind into his readers&#8217; minds.<\/p>\n<p>And C. E. Montague, in <em>A Writer&#8217;s Notes on his Trade                     <\/em>(available in the Pelican series) says this: &#8220;&#8230;Clear                     out of your mind the notion that a language is, or ought to                     be, a finished and immutable system in which certain words                     are indefeasibly highcastes and certain other words are doomed                     for ever to be untouchables.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>Good words are words the reader understands, whether they                     be short and Saxon, or long and Latin. Usually they are the                     former, but we need not feel ourselves pushed into using nothing                     else. The sensible thing is to use the word that fits the                     case. As Mark Twain wisely said: &#8220;The difference between the                     right word and the almost right word is the difference between                     lightning and the lightning bug.&#8221; It may mean, in modern terms,                     the difference between a sale and no sale, between a promotion                     and no promotion.<\/p>\n<p>The right words convey the right meaning. Grammar and syntax                     are not nearly so important as the choice of words. The selection                     of one word rather than another may alter the whole weight                     and influence of a poem, or a passage in prose, or give a                     sinister meaning to a passage you intend to be a winner of                     friends.<\/p>\n<p>Arrangement is, of course, important, but a happy sequence                     of choosing the right words is that they have a graceful way                     of arranging themselves. Sometimes it almost seems as if words                     have a life of their own; that they object to careless handling,                     and that unruly words actually struggle in the sentence.<\/p>\n<h3>Words Paint Pictures<\/h3>\n<p>Every word and phrase we use in our writing, whether it                     be in our business letters, reports, articles or speeches,                     is as vital as the brush stroke of an artist. To make the                     picture real and appealing we do not use strange or mysterious                     words, technical terms, exaggerations or inaccuracies. We                     use words that are concrete, interpretive and vivid. Words                     paint pictures, but there is little room for &#8220;still lifes&#8221;                     in our gallery.<\/p>\n<p>By making patterns with words and phrases that please the                     ear, we affect the emotions, move our readers, and thus drive                     home our point. Then we are well on the way to becoming artists                     in words.<\/p>\n<p>Metaphors and similes, if they are simple and shining, help                     paint the picture. The New Testament is full of profound but                     simple metaphors. Compare &#8220;feed my sheep&#8221; with &#8220;teach my doctrine.&#8221;                     Does not the former convey a far more human, tender and sympathetic                     picture? And in the simile, from the Psalms, &#8220;They shall soon                     be cut down like the grass, and wither as the green herb&#8221;                     &#8211; do we not see the picture much more vividly than if the                     writer had said &#8220;They shall perish&#8221;?<\/p>\n<p>Clich\u00e9s, those worn-out, bleached dry phrases,                     are to be avoided. Most of us use them daily in our conversation,                     and they do not seem particularly dead or even noticeable.                     In the written word they show up in all their exhaustion.<\/p>\n<p>Eric Partridge&#8217;s <em>Dictionary of Clich\u00e9s <\/em>contains                     some thousands of entries. But he points out in his preface                     that what is a clich\u00e9 is partly a matter of opinion,                     and also a matter of occasion.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes a phrase such as &#8220;break the ice&#8221;, or &#8220;cry over                     spilt milk&#8221; does express what you wish to say in the most                     fitting way. But it is well to think twice before we trot                     out the old familiar phrase. A new one &#8211; the fruit of a little                     more thought &#8211; might be better. Often the old expression may                     have become so blunted and blurred by constant use that it                     doesn&#8217;t cut into the mind.<\/p>\n<p>Slang is another &#8220;acceptable&#8221; in conversation that has little                     place in writing. The place for slang is in face-to-face                     conversation, where it may add wit and humour, increased vivacity                     and intimacy to our speech. But it is better to use it sparingly,                     if at all, in written communications.<\/p>\n<p>Sometimes a slang word becomes a respectable citizen in                     the world of good English. If such novelties are accepted                     into the language then they have passed the test which we                     mentioned earlier in this article; the test that is set by                     the people. Usage can consecrate what may have originally                     been sprightly inventions and make them acceptable. In <em>The                     King&#8217;s English <\/em>H. W. Fowler tells us that, during the                     probation period, they are words unfit for literary use.<\/p>\n<h3>Words are Beautiful<\/h3>\n<p>Let us look for a minute, as a collector might look lovingly                     at his treasures, at the beauty of words. Hawthorne spoke                     of &#8220;the unaccountable spell that lurks in a syllable&#8221;, and                     though we may not all have music in our souls, we can learn                     to appreciate the kind of language that comes from a combination                     of feeling, skill and artistic usage.<\/p>\n<p>It has been said that words, like precious jewels, depend                     upon their grouping and the choice of neighbours. They may                     be strange or beautiful, amusing or tragic in isolation, but                     they will be doubly so when an author of judgment has put                     them in the right company.<\/p>\n<p>Make this little test. Think of any familiar verse of poetry                     or passage of prose &#8211; even a business letter that you find                     pleasing, and then analyze your enjoyment of it. You will                     find that only a part of the enjoyment comes from contemplation                     of the situation to which it draws your attention. Much is                     aroused by the beauty of the words, considered solely as a                     pattern of sound and rhythm.<\/p>\n<p>But we must not become intoxicated with words as words,                     easy though it can be, for our writing would be robbed thereby                     of the clarity we are striving for.<\/p>\n<p>The two aims of a great artist in words must always be lucidity                     first and then melody.<\/p>\n<h3>The English Language<\/h3>\n<p>What a wonderful instrument our language is! It is rich,                     because it is omnivorous; it takes words from other tongues                     and assimilates them, giving them a form and character so                     familiar that they seem to be of native stock.<\/p>\n<p>It is expressive. Take the word &#8220;greed&#8221;, for example. Doesn&#8217;t                     it give off a feeling of fatness? Hasn&#8217;t the word &#8220;sublime&#8221;                     a shimmer and a sheen? and doesn&#8217;t the word &#8220;gloom&#8221; sound                     dark and foreboding?<\/p>\n<p>Our language is vital. It evaluates, in a broadminded way,                     new entrants to its huge vocabulary, and accepts or rejects                     them with complete fairness. It is not rigorously regimented,                     but truly alive and ever-growing.<\/p>\n<p>And it is a poetic language. As Lord David Cecil of Oxford                     says, &#8220;English is ideally suited for the expression of emotion.                     There is no better language in the world for touching the                     heart and setting the imagination aflame.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>The advertising writer and the direct-by-mail                     salesman have no excuse for not being able to make their points                     in written words; the public speaker can find in our language                     all he needs in the way of words, carefully selected and skilfully                     assembled, to move his audience.<\/p>\n<p>Educators are united in placing special emphasis on the                     study of English. Good English usage is essential no matter                     what your profession. To mention Winston Churchill again,                     this time on the importance of English: &#8220;I would make boys                     all learn English; and then I would let the clever ones learn                     Latin as an honour and Greek as a treat. But the only thing                     I would whip them for is not knowing English. I would whip                     them hard for that.&#8221;<\/p>\n<h3>Enriching Your Language<\/h3>\n<p>How can we add to our knowledge and appreciation of our                     language? One important way is to enrich and enlarge our vocabulary.                     By acquiring all the stock of words we can, we have a basis                     for weighing one word against another, for rejecting a word                     because we know a better one. We have a rich and full treasury                     upon which to draw.<\/p>\n<p>The more words we know the more selective we can be. It                     is a paradox, but perfectly true, to say that without a large                     vocabulary we will often use six words instead of one.<\/p>\n<p>Just as we can&#8217;t make new friends if we never meet anybody,                     so with words. To build our vocabulary we must meet new words,                     and to meet new words we must read, the more the better.<\/p>\n<p>The business man who reads Shakespeare or a comparable author                     can write better business letters than the man whose sole                     diet is cheap fiction &#8211; and the stenographer who reads Shakespeare                     will do better letters and be more of a participant in the                     business than the stenographer whose only literary food is                     chit-chat.<\/p>\n<h3>Books as Teachers<\/h3>\n<p>Dr. W. E. McNeill in a convocation address at Queen&#8217;s University                     a few years ago said that English Literature is the best single                     subject to provide a common element in the bewildering diversity                     of modern education. He went on to say that literature records                     the spiritual history of mankind, its joys and sorrows, hopes                     and fears, aspirations and defeats, the earthy worst, the                     heavenly best. It shows life whole.<\/p>\n<p>Books enable us to &#8220;see with the keenest eyes, hear with                     the finest ears, and listen to the sweetest voices of all                     time.&#8221; And, to continue this thought of James Russell Lowell,                     there is a choice in books as in friends, and the mind sinks                     or rises to the level of its habitual society.<\/p>\n<p>To spend all our reading time on flimsy, fleeting stuff                     in a world that holds Shelley and Shakespeare, Shaw and Mauriac                     would be like choosing a piece of glass and rejecting a precious                     jewel.<\/p>\n<h3>&#8230;and Practise<\/h3>\n<p>Robert Louis Stevenson was aware that facility of expression                     is gained by practise, when he said: &#8220;Though I write so little,                     I pass all my hours of fieldwork in continual converse and                     imaginary correspondence. I scarce pull up a weed, but I invent                     a sentence on the matter.&#8221;<\/p>\n<p>We can think of the world of words as a great and glorious                     garden. Like flowers, words have scent and texture and beauty.                     Like trees, they have strength, and grandeur and vitality.                     We are the gardeners, responsible for their cultivation and                     their fairest blooming, their arrangement and their disposition.<\/p>\n<p>Let us toil happily in this garden, sowing the seeds of                     thought with care, and nurturing the tender blossoms that                     grow from them: and let us be ruthless in uprooting the weeds                     that threaten to choke and kill our language.<\/p>\n<p>Ours will be the harvest. Words give us beauty and sustenance                     and self-expression; expressions of love and feelings                     of duty. They enable us to convey to others the philosophy                     by which we would influence them.<\/p>\n<\/div>\n","protected":false},"author":79,"featured_media":0,"template":"","categories":[1],"rbc_letter_theme":[],"rbc_letter_year":[32],"class_list":["post-3621","rbc_letter","type-rbc_letter","status-publish","hentry","category-uncategorized","rbc_letter_year-32"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.2 (Yoast SEO v27.2) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>April 1952 - Vol. 33, No. 4 - On Finding Words - RBC<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/www.rbc.com\/en\/about-us\/history\/letter\/april-1952-vol-33-no-4-on-finding-words\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"April 1952 - Vol. 33, No. 4 - On Finding Words - RBC\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"Words can work wonders that benefit all mankind; they can create untold wickedness; they can be &#8220;wild and whirling&#8221;, clear and shining, or flat and dull. Words are our obedient servants to be used as we will. 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Words are our obedient servants to be used as we will. 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