Vol. 63, No. 4 — Nov./Dec. 1982 —
The Pressure
of Change
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Change is ever with us, whether
we like it or not- and people today are showing increasing
signs of not liking it. In coping with change, it helps to
see it in perspective. We can either resent and resist it,
or anticipate it for our own good...
Changes, changes, changes! Will they never stop? Is there
nothing constant, nothing we can count on, in this world?
To the many who are currently asking such plaintive questions,
the answer is no: change is the only thing that is permanent.
This law was decreed by an astute observer of the universe
after years of study and consideration. His name was Heraclitus,
and he lived in the 6th century B.C.
There is a tendency these days to assume that constant change
is a phenomenon peculiar to modern western society. In fact,
all recorded history is a story of change flowing in a never-ending
stream which surges to flood proportions from time to time.
Similarly, present-day people seem to believe that the change-induced
problems that surround them are unique to this era. But according
to Adam Smith, writing in the 1770s, "there is always a deal
of ruin in the nation." Generations in the past have been
far more beset by disorder and confusion than we are now.
When it comes to change, the difference between us and our
ancestors is that we know more about it, and are thus more
sensitive to it. In 1805 it took six weeks for word of Nelson's
victory at Trafalgar to reach Montreal. Now the news of an
armed skirmish somewhere in the Middle East is flashed around
the world in a matter of seconds.
Fifty years after the invention of the storage battery in
1798, only a handful of scientists had any idea of what a
storage battery was. Today a ten-year-old can tell you all
about laser beams or micro-circuitry.
The news media scramble over one another to be the first
to tell us what is happening, and to inform us - sometimes
inaccurately and prematurely - of every new development in
science and technology. The news is a record of how the world
is changing, which perhaps explains why the changes we hear
about are seldom changes for the better. It is a maxim of
journalism that good news is no news. Good news - which means
that events are unfolding as planned, with no surprises or
accidents - is basically dull.
Even when the changes reported by the media are purported
to be for the better, the public is apt to be sceptical. Too
often politicians and experts have told us that what they
propose will bring about an improvement in our lives, only
to have subsequent reality prove the reverse. Too often, too,
some attractive new technological venture has backfired on
the society with unanticipated ill-effects.
In any case, the changes that bring about an improvement
in our lives soon come to be taken for granted. If progress
in medical science has eradicated diseases which once would
have killed us, if the average wage-earner can now take vacations
that were affordable only by rich men years ago, it is regarded
as no more than normal. Beneficial change is easy to take-
so easy that we barely notice it. We have difficulty, however,
in accepting changes that inconvenience us in any way.
The great cosmic changes on the world political or economic
scene bother us less than the niggling little changes immediately
around us. We can take in stride a change in government or
a crisis on the international monetary market, but a revision
in a bus schedule or the imposition of a new system at work
will upset us no end.
Our exasperation over these minor changes may be a manifestation
of a subconscious irritation with change in general. It is
the way of human nature to focus generalized resentment on
a familiar person or thing.
By the same token, we may magnify changes in our daily,
lives into a distorted image of the changes in the great world
over which we have no influence. Thus we will see the decline
of western democracy in a by-law requiring us to leash our
dogs. A rise in property taxes may lead us to believe that
the world economic order is collapsing. The feeling that everything
is falling apart begins at home.
This fear that change is plunging us headlong to ruin is
fairly common nowadays. Some experts ascribe it to an overdose
of change. They say that in attempting to cope with all the
changes, big and small, that bear on their lives, people have
cracked under the pressure. Increasing rates of family break-ups,
drug and alcohol abuse, serious mental disorders and suicide
are said to be among the results.
Anxiety over change has led to a
condemnation
of progress
At the same time, the experts add, the pressure of change
is taking its toll on the physical health of at least some
individuals. Dr. Hans Selye, who has demonstrated that stress
leads to disease, defines stress as "essentially the rate
of all the wear and tear caused by life." Change is obviously
a source of wear and tear on the human psyche. It may therefore
be said that change is capable of literally making people
sick.
There is every sign that, in the figurative sense, people
are sick of so much change. Or, as an article prepared by
the World Future Society put it more felicitously, they are
sick of the uncertainty engendered by changing times. "People,"
it said, "no longer feel certain of anything - job, spouse,
church, moral principles, whatever - because everything is
changing. Hence, a pervasive uncertainty arising from change
casts a pall of apprehensiveness over everything in the modern
world."
Unfortunately, this anxious reaction to changing times seems
to have translated itself into a blanket condemnation of change
of any kind, particularly change of a scientific or technological
nature. That is what is behind "the new Luddism," named after
the Luddites of the early 19th century who were so fearfully
hostile to change that they went around smashing labour-saving
machines.
Today, demonstrations and other forms of protest erupt whenever
anyone proposes a major construction or resource-extraction
project. Every technological or scientific development is
picked to pieces in search of deleterious side-effects. In
the interests of "preserving the quality of life," posters
and graffiti enlist our support to "stop" one change or another.
The possibility is not admitted that by allowing the change
to go forward, the quality of life might be enhanced.
This is a good thing up to a certain point. Bitter experience
has taught us that we should be very careful about what we
do given the delicate balance of nature and the adverse impact
that certain changes may have on minority groups. But past
that point, obstruction of change can become obstruction of
progress. Here the words of Thomas Carlyle should be kept
in mind: "Change, indeed, is painful but ever needful; and
if memory has its force and worth, so also has hope."
The current distrust of development is a relatively new
attitude in western society. In the mid-1800s when the Crystal
Palace at the Great London Exhibition was erected as a monument
to the ingenuity of the engineer, technological progress was
commonly thought of as a liberating force which would open
up bright new vistas for mankind. Alfred Lord Tennyson was
a typical Victorian enthusiast. "Let the great world spin
forever down the ringing grooves of change," he wrote in the
visionary poem that predicted the airplane, Locksley Hall.
A generally favourable opinion of technological change prevailed
through good times and bad for more than a century. And indeed
- excepting its destructive role in the two world wars - technology
did bring to the common people of the industrialized world
a degree of material comfort, convenience, prosperity and
enlightenment undreamt-of in generations past.
Assaults were launched on all the old
social structures
The dropping of the atomic bomb, which transformed the nature
of warfare and put the power to destroy the earth into human
hands, showed that the march of science could lead only to
a mass grave if it took the wrong direction. Even then, however,
the public was reassured that nuclear energy would be a boon
to humanity once it was put to peaceful use.
Despite ban-the-bomb movements and criticism of planned
obsolescence, there prevailed throughout the late 1940s and
fifties an "awe-stricken public reverence for science," as
social historian Theodore Roszak described it. Most of the
significant changes at the time were scientific and technological.
The Cold War notwithstanding, social, political and economic
conditions were fairly stable.
Then, almost exactly 20 years ago, a tidal wave of social
change swept the western world, threatening to smash everything
in its path. All the tried and true social structures - marriage,
the family, law and order, established religion, the work
ethic, the democratic political system - came under attack
by disillusioned young people following leaders who were not
so young.
Suddenly we were surrounded by "revolutions" - the youth
revolution, the black revolution, the anti-imperialist revolution,
the sexual revolution, and - in Canada - the "quiet revolution"
in Quebec. Most of all there was a revolution directed against
the values and presumptions of the "technocratic society."
A youth leader explained: "The young - those born after 1940
- find themselves in a society that neither commands nor deserves
respect... For has modern man, in his collective existence,
laid claim to any god or ideal but the god of possession and
enjoyment and the limitless satisfaction of material needs?"
The dissenters of the sixties and early seventies were searching
for something beyond material satisfaction, and they searched
for it down some very strange avenues. Every code of behaviour
that had been in force up to that time was smashed to pieces,
or so it seemed. Faced with the drug cult, flower power, sit-ins,
love-ins, campus revolts, and the burning of city blocks,
the chief reaction of the older generation was one of pained
bewilderment. It was as if the world had turned upside-down;
white had become black, right had become wrong, and two and
two didn't make four any more. The unthinkable was thought,
the unspeakable was spoken, the unacceptable was accepted.
The outrageous was practised as a matter of course.
People will turn their minds back to
a
less troublesome time
In addition to this staggering social and political change
there was an ongoing advance in science and technology - especially
in computers - which spelled the end of many of the old methods
of doing things. It was this pile-up of change that led Alvin
Toffler to conclude that the society, or a sizeable proportion
thereof, was in the grip of "future shock." His book of that
title published in 1970 sold 6 million copies in 20 languages.
In it he defined future shock as "the shattering stress and
disorientation that we induce in individuals by subjecting
them to too much change in too short a time."
Victims of future shock, wrote Toffler, attempt to hide
away from change in different ways. They may "block out" unwelcome
reality and refuse to take in new information; they may look
for a simple solution of all the world's ills in a single
doctrine; they may withdraw into a cocoon of specialization;
or they may turn their minds back to an earlier and less troublesome
time, and try to apply the solutions of the past to the problems
of today.
This last course, he implies, is the most self-defeating,
of all, not only because old solutions won't work, but because
they will only compound the agony of adjusting to any entirely
new phase of history. For, he declared, "We are creating a
new society. Not an extended, larger-than-life version of
our present society. But a new society. Unless we understand
this, we shall destroy ourselves in trying to cope with tomorrow."
With these apocalyptic words, Toffler challenged the traditional
wisdom about change, which is more or less summed up in the
old saying that "history repeats itself." He served notice
that there could be no looking back for the guidance and comfort
of precedents. By the time he was ready to publish The
Third Wave in 1980, he was convinced that we have entered
into not only a new society, but a whole new civilization
- one that "blind men everywhere are trying to suppress."
The changes of the past 20 years are
by no means unparalleled
Have we really come that far? At the risk of appearing reactionary,
it is worth pointing out that the deep and rapid change of
the past 20 years is by no means unparalleled. The two decades
leading up to World War I, for instance, brought a surge of
change which was more fundamental and far-reaching than anything
we have experienced in our time.
Automobiles, airplanes, phonographs, movies, wireless communication
and synthetic fabrics were only some of the things that emerged
then which were to exert a profound influence on human habits.
X-rays and blood transfusions revolutionized medicine. Freud
pioneered psychiatry, Einstein framed his theory of relativity,
and Rutherford discovered the structure of the atom. A stunning
burst of creativity occurred in all the arts, and a bold new
look emerged in design and architecture. Explorers reached
both of the earth's poles.
It was also an age of tremendous social and political upheavel.
Anarchism, militant feminism, anti-clericism, bohemianism,
"free love" and outlandish fads scandalized those who had
drawn their values from the Victorian era. International financial
crises, limited wars, revolutions, strikes, riots and political
assassinations sent shudders through the newly-literate general
public, which was exposed for the first time to mass media
in the form of cheap and ubiquitous daily newspapers linked
by cable to all parts of the world.
The so-called "belle époque" ended in the
holocaust of "the war to end all wars" - a phrase which in
itself illustrates how misguided people can be when they read
decisive historical significance into current circumstances.
The point is that there is sufficient historical evidence
that change moves in cycles to justify scepticism towards
declarations that the world is changing for good and all.
As for future shock, while it may indeed be a common condition
these days, it does no harm to remember that "the human mind
has always struggled like a frightened bird to escape the
chaos which caged it." Henry Adams wrote that some 80 years
ago.
Must unforeseen changes necessarily
be unforeseen?
But whether Toffler is right or wrong that a new civilization
is rising from the dust of the industrial age, he is certainly
right when he says that both individuals and the society should
be better-prepared for change than they have been up to the
present. We are constantly jolted by unforeseen changes. Must
they necessarily be unforeseen?
In our personal lives we must recognize that while change
is inevitable (we ourselves change physically and psychologically,
after all), it is also to some extent predictable. We can
ease the pressure on ourselves by assessing the probability
of various changes and trying to be ready for them if and
when they come.
The best hope for society lies along the same lines, in
the systematic study of future probabilities and the development
of contingency strategies in advance to deal with them. Change
itself has provided the tools for this in the form of new
technology, techniques, and academic skills. "By making imaginative
use of change to channel change, we can not only spare ourselves
the trauma of future shock, we can reach out and humanize
future tomorrows," wrote Toffler. We now have it in our power
to anticipate change, or to resist it. Which shall we choose?
Published by RBC Financial Group. All editions from the RBC
Letter collection are available on our web site at www.rbc.com/responsibility/letter.
Our e-mail address is: rbcletter@rbc.com.
Publié aussi en francais.
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