April 1950 — Vol. 31, No. 4 — Citizens of the
World
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Just to live on this earth involves the
human race in many problems. The longer we live here, and
the more of us live here, the more complex become our problems.
As tenants with no other housing project within reach, we
need to set our present dwelling in order and adjust ourselves
to our neighbours.
Only the generation that is now mature has been worried greatly
about relations with people on the next continent. Up to forty
years ago the ordinary man's geography became vague when it
reached an ocean. We are not yet used to deep thinking about
our world neighbours, and as a result we excite ourselves
into ulcers by dealing with stop—press international
news in a stop—gap way.
We can't help being involved in the affairs of other nations.
There are potent forces at work in Europe which affect every
one of us. The efforts being made there toward economic revival,
the struggle for social betterment, and the drive by Russia
to dominate the continent, all these have significance for
Canadians.
It would be easy to make a list of the world's discontents
and write an essay about the helplessness we feel as we face
them. The need, rather, is to examine why the world is in
so distracted a state, and to seek a way in which we may restore
world society, give ourselves new faith in our destiny, and
renew our belief in the virtues of truth, freedom, justice
and toleration.
In making this attempt, we must avoid the temptation to
brew easy—to—take remedies. Many a person who would
not prescribe for his sick cat, but would call a veterinarian,
still feels competent to prescribe for this sick world. In
fact, there are so many prescriptions that we begin to develop
complexes. One American soldier, just to take an example,
renounced his United States citizenship in an effort to prove
himself a world citizen. We are not clear about how that performance
will help toward true internationalism.
Nor should we rely upon any equalitarian doctrine. It will
not do to think of all humanity being lifted up or levelled
down or otherwise made "equal." We have developed unevenly
both as individuals and as nations. We have adapted ourselves
to different conditions of life in different ways. What may
be good food to us in Canada may be a sacred cow to people
in other lands.
Torontonians in their stone, brick and frame houses; Eskimoes
in their igloos; Arabs in buildings with all their windows
opening on a central courtyard; all these have merely devised
different means to the same end of protecting themselves against
the weather. The airplane, train, motor car, ricksha, camel,
horse and covered wagon are simply various means of transport.
Just as people everywhere have found the solutions to physical
life problems in different ways, so they have arrived at different
ways of solving their ethical and spiritual problems. In some
cultures, for example, a man is judged by what he earns; in
others he is judged according to the acts for which he refuses
payment in a spirit of service.
It would not do if everyone everywhere thought the same,
appreciated the same, hoped for the same. To like everything
with the same enthusiasm means in the long run liking nothing
properly. Living involves expression of choice and preference.
The burden of our thinking today ought to be that while
we retain the diversity that gives us character as persons
and as nations, we need the unity that will maintain for us
the world environment in which we can live our lives safely
and comfortably.
What is a Nation?
The most advanced nations politically are those in which
the state is a community composed of its citizens, an association
formed for the good of all its people.
To be an independent state in that democratic sense is not,
however, to be a state whose policy and opinion is always
different from everybody else's. It is a sign of immaturity
to disagree and be disagreeable in order to try to show that
we are independent.
No nation can long continue to accept all the benefits of
association with other nations without accepting also some
of the responsibilities. We Canadians have benefits as an
independent nation, as a North American state, as a member
of the Commonwealth, and as one of the United Nations. Our
interests and our obligations extend to the uttermost parts
of the earth.
Our best minds believe that we can retain all that is essential
to the freedom of national life, and yet take part fully in
the affairs of the international community. There must be
sound patriotism before there can be sound internationalism,
because only those who are faithful in their community and
national duties can be counted upon to perform their international
obligations.
Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, the Roman philosopher of the
Second Century, summed it up neatly when he said: "My city
and my country, so far as I am Antoninus, is Rome, but so
far as I am a man, it is the world."
Ordinary people who feel as the philosopher did are disheartened
by the constant threats to peace. The local citizen, representative
of service dubs, church groups, labour unions, home and school
associations, and so on, doesn't want nationalism to run rampant.
He knows that it is out of nationalistic greed that wars are
born. And he knows that any war anywhere threatens to become
a world war, involving him.
He wants an assurance of conditions under which he and his
children can attain full intellectual stature, living without
fear, and in the certainty that only their individual limitations
hold them back from the best life offers to mankind.
The way to achieve such a world is not by having people
run to their national homes and barricade the doors. Pessimists
say that no effort has ever succeeded in bringing nations
together to avoid war, and therefore it never will.
Some, even in Canada, dream of staying neutral in case of
war. To these people, Mr. St. Laurent is quoted as saying:
"Even if 12,999,999 of the 13,000,000 Canadians living in
this country want to stay neutral, it is impossible." Like
Belgium in the last two wars, our geographical position will
involve us almost certainly.
What is Needed?
This being so, what can we do about it?
We need to study geography. Not the geography of naming
capitals, defining islands, capes, bays and peninsulas, but
the geography of people and how they are connected with their
soil. We need to understand people in other lands and learn
what makes them different from us.
Our schools can make a unique contribution to world understanding.
They can provide a bridge to bring the people of many nations
together. But what a long way some countries have yet to travel
before they reach a meeting place! In Egypt, 85 per cent of
the population over ten years of age is illiterate; in India
91 per cent.
Then, of course, there is home influence to be considered.
The work done in schools can be destroyed if parents infect
their children with that disease of the mind which makes so
many men and women incapable of appreciating the worth of
anyone not belonging to their class, creed, political party
or country.
Things to Do
There are many ways in which we can do our bit toward gaining
international understanding. Reading intelligently, not alone
pretty pieces about the glamour of tours but sincere descriptions
of other people's lives; looking at the art of other countries;
studying the culture of groups and nations: these are some
of the best and most interesting ways.
Correspondence between schools, whether messages from one
class to another or individual letters, is a natural form
of learning. Teachers should beware of making this merely
practice in a foreign language. The letters should give news
and information about the children's lives.
A "Museum of Human Co—operation" might be established,
with branches in many places. It would show, through its exhibits,
that modern scientific and technical development depends on
world co—operation. It could demonstrate how an experiment
carried out by a Scotsman enables a Frenchman to formulate
a theory whose applications are worked out in England and
put into practice in Canada.
Canada's Place in the World
Canada is a land of the future. Here, in the ages that lie
before us, world history may reveal itself. Today it is new
and unspoiled, a land of desire for all those who are weary
of the historical lumber—room of older lands.
One of Canada's proud boasts is the way in which her people
retain their individuality while taking on responsibilities
and making use of their opportunities as Canadians. It is
truly said in a new film prepared by the Canadian National
Railways entitled The Canadian Heritage: "Canada
is not a melting pot." We do not pour people into one mould.
We do try to get newcomers from other lands to contribute
their national and individual arts and skills and philosophy
in an attempt to make this the best land on earth in which
to live wholesome, varied, happy lives. The highest loyalty
to any institution, whether it be the family, the community,
the nation, or the whole human race, is determine not by what
we take out of it but by what we freely put into it.
We are, of course, proud of our wealth of natural resources.
This abundance provides our people with the raw material upon
which they use their varying skills and their imaginative
thinking. But we cannot get on without the rest of the world.
We have arrived at an important milestone in our history
as an independent nation. To maintain our domestic prosperity
involves us, whether we like it or not, in the international
network.
It was all right for us to hold fast the idea, up to a few
years ago, that our remoteness preserved us from the worries
and i11s of the old world.
But we are no longer remote. We are not a hermit nation.
We are at once an Atlantic country, a North American country,
and a Pacific country. One could almost add: and a North Pole
country. A former Prime Minister remarked: "If some countries
have too much history, we have too much geography."
Our Closest Connections
Whatever the future holds, it can be said with truth that
if the discovery of a workable world order is ever made, it
will be in such a laboratory Of political experimentation
as the British Commonwealth. The success of the Commonwealth
is our greatest assurance that a world order founded upon
freedom and upon international decency can be set up.
Look at the way in which the Commonwealth has solved the
problem of small groups living on terms of equality with the
large ones. It respects natural political associations; it
has profound toleration of social systems and manners that
differ widely; individualism is taken for granted.
It is, in fact, this spirit of encouraging every separate
nation and every individual person within the Commonwealth
that seals the bond of union. It builds that mutual recognition
of their need for one another that cements the diverse parts
of the Commonwealth together.
In a world where so many states stand in daily fear of a
great neighbour, Canada is fortunate that its border marches
with that of a powerful nation which shares our ideals of
freedom. Our rights as against the United States are better
protected than they could possibly be by force of arms, because
settlement by force means settlement on the basis of the will
of the stronger, while our agreements are arrived at by law
or by arbitration or by talking things over in a friendly
way.
To Europeans, accustomed as they are to the perplexing ways
of international politics, Canada's foreign policy problem
would seem extremely simple. It can be said with some assurance
that if there existed in all nations the same measure of control
of foreign policy by public opinion as obtains in Canada,
the United Kingdom and the United States, we would be far
nearer the construction of an enduring peace on earth.
This public interest creates the need for explanation of
issues and difficulties to the largest possible number of
people. We have gained in knowledge during the past few years.
We are better equipped today to choose our course than we
ever were in the past. But the problems grow more complicated,
so there must be no slow—down of our growth of knowledge
and understanding.
Many agencies are at work to provide us with knowledge and
to brush aside the mysterious and sinister implications that
used to attach to foreign affairs.
Among these are the Canadian Association for Adult Education
and the United Nations Association. There is study material
in every newspaper and popular magazine, and the magazine
External Affairs provides a monthly record in readable
form of Canada's activities and her foreign affairs policies.
Our diplomats are speaking out more often, and addresses by
the Hon. L. B. Pearson, Secretary of State for External Affairs,
are models of simple exposition of world affairs.
The One World Idea
Beyond national interests and regional interests there beckons
the larger hope of world—wide co—operation for the
good of all people. The world of people is one world, because
human beings are by nature the same no matter into what nation
they were born, or in what region they live.
The world cannot be united by a constitution or a charter,
however high sounding it may be. The world can be united only
when men and women insist that their governments fulfil their
world obligations.
There are good material reasons why people everywhere should
make their voices heard.
Economic world co—operation is needed, because the
natural unit of economic activity is no longer the single
family, the single village, or the single national state,
but the entire living generation of mankind.
Commerce between nations is vital to keep the world in running
order. If all means of trade and transportation were cut off,
even for one month, millions of people would die for want
of the necessities of life.
New markets are needed by nations which produce abundantly.
We cannot force our own population to eat all our surplus
wheat, potatoes, fish, meat, bacon and butter; to use all
our production of pulpwood and paper, of aluminum and nickel,
of furs and gold. Canada has been compelled to build up an
economy which depends on the outer world. The amount of every
man's take—home pay every week depends upon brisk international
trade.
We import goods from 110 countries and export to 122 countries.
Our imports in 1949 amounted to $2,761 million, and our exports
came to $2,993 million. If this trade were cut off or seriously
interfered with, the effect on every workman's home in Canada
would be disastrous.
That is why the President of this Bank said in his address
to shareholders earlier this year: "The plain truth is that
Canada's domestic prosperity depends upon our handling of
a complicated foreign trade problem. And in the final analysis
both our domestic prosperity and the future of world trade
itself will depend upon a concerted international effort by
all nations to return along the path to multilateral world
trade unhampered by exchange restrictions, bilateral pacts,
and all the paraphernalia of government control."
It is a Big Job.
In view of the inescapable logic of those who advocate international
co—operation, what are we to do?
It is easy enough to say that if only all nations were as
sensible as the two North American democracies, they could
get together to talk things over, and arrive at an arrangement.
But we cannot impose democratic ways upon alien people, and
less than a quarter of the world's people live under a democratic
form of government. Many millions in other lands are ignorant,
illiterate, and opposed to majority rule.
This is the hardest part of the job taken on by persons
who see the need for world understanding - to educate enough
people in all lands to the fact that what is being talked
about is not a super—state but a co—operative organization
for survival of the human race.
There seems to be the same way out of this predicament as
out of many that confront us as individuals every week in
our own family or business life: use the little that you have
in the best way you can toward getting what you want. No effort
made by a person or an organization to achieve international
understanding is wasted.
Much is being done by international non—government
organizations, such as churches, trade unions, businessmen's
associations, service clubs, co—operative societies,
farmers' groups, women's organizations, as well as professional,
scientific, humanitarian and athletic societies and associations.
The world owes much to these people who have the intelligence
and vision to discern the interests they hold in common.
On the official level, of course, hope rests in the United
Nations. The world, being afraid of its own shadow, is eager
for some type of collective security in which the peace and
welfare of each state will be the common concern of all people.
The United Nations is not yet wholly effective, but to those
who ridicule it the invitation is extended: what have you
to suggest in its place? The alternative to co—operation
through some such society as this seems to be world anarchy,
in which each nation would seek to achieve its own security
by its own arms or by alliances, until finally they would
all be swallowed up in one imperial state.
Even the simplest tool made of a chipped stone is the fruit
of long experience, and the United Nations, a tool for peace,
has not yet been long in use. It is doing good work, but it
awaits a spark of Promethean fire, a rallying point, a world—wide
comprehension of its necessity and of the bounty it could
bestow on an agreeing world.
Perhaps in this, as in other things, the spark should be
lighted by the little people of the world. If enough individuals
cared enough to keep telling the men representing them at
the United Nations: "Get unity, and get it quick": perhaps
that would help.
Perhaps, too, the opening words of the Charter should be
displayed in letters of fire in every hamlet and city, over
every legislative rostrum and over every teacher's desk: We
the peoples of the United Nations are determined to save succeeding
generations from the scourge of war.
An Ideal is Needed
We are all inclined to feel exasperated by our impotence
in the face of today's world situation. We cannot reconcile
men's declarations of faith with their actions; we cannot
understand the bickerings and vetoings. Some days it seems
as if the people of the world are bound upon destroying themselves.
Sometimes we have the feeling of a world that is moving more
and more slowly round a sun that is losing its heat.
The crisis of our time arises not so much from competing
nationalities as from faulty human relations. We are not in
the grip of some implacable destiny, but of our own disregard
of the elementary principles of living together.
It may be that we are too earthbound, and that before we
can be won over to the cause of world peace and co—operation
we need to be lifted off the earth, as Hercules did Antaeus,
into another realm.
J. W. Watson said this in his article in The Canadian
Historical Review two years ago. Reviewing books on geography
and history, he said: "Something more fundamental is needed
to explain the evolution of civilization. This is something
spiritual. It is the virtue which men discover in themselves
when faced with adversity...The armour which saved man was
psychic, not physical. It was his ability to see beyond the
field of physical challenge, impinging from without, to the
field of spiritual challenge, Impinging from within."
Summing Up
The new world view will remain hazy unless we see it from
a vantage point of geographical knowledge, economic realities,
and spiritual insight.
Our dead civilizations are not dead by fate, but by the
will or apathy of their people. We of the western world still
have a creative spark in us, and if we find the grace to kindle
it into flame then nothing on earth can stop us from erecting,
in due time, the kind of human society in which it is good
for all men to live.
We should not look for miracles. Our social improvement,
like our personal improvement, comes in small instalments.
We cannot say: "I shall make myself into a new person." We
can only say: "I will give up this bad habit, and adopt this
good one." So it is in world society, advancement will be
made up of minute particulars, little by little.
We cannot longer remain indifferent to what is going on
in the world, but we need not stand idly by, hopelessly wringing
our hands. If we look around us we can see in the eyes of
right—minded people the conviction that with good—will,
honest purpose and effort, we can achieve our goal.
We may, for our objective, paraphrase the words of the Roman
philosopher and say: "So far as I am an individual, my country
is Canada; but so far as I am a man, I am a citizen of the
world."
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